Package java.security

Source Code of java.security.AccessController

/*
* Copyright (c) 1997, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
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package java.security;

import sun.security.util.Debug;
import sun.reflect.CallerSensitive;
import sun.reflect.Reflection;

/**
* <p> The AccessController class is used for access control operations
* and decisions.
*
* <p> More specifically, the AccessController class is used for
* three purposes:
*
* <ul>
* <li> to decide whether an access to a critical system
* resource is to be allowed or denied, based on the security policy
* currently in effect,
* <li>to mark code as being "privileged", thus affecting subsequent
* access determinations, and
* <li>to obtain a "snapshot" of the current calling context so
* access-control decisions from a different context can be made with
* respect to the saved context. </ul>
*
* <p> The {@link #checkPermission(Permission) checkPermission} method
* determines whether the access request indicated by a specified
* permission should be granted or denied. A sample call appears
* below. In this example, {@code checkPermission} will determine
* whether or not to grant "read" access to the file named "testFile" in
* the "/temp" directory.
*
* <pre>
*
* FilePermission perm = new FilePermission("/temp/testFile", "read");
* AccessController.checkPermission(perm);
*
* </pre>
*
* <p> If a requested access is allowed,
* {@code checkPermission} returns quietly. If denied, an
* AccessControlException is
* thrown. AccessControlException can also be thrown if the requested
* permission is of an incorrect type or contains an invalid value.
* Such information is given whenever possible.
*
* Suppose the current thread traversed m callers, in the order of caller 1
* to caller 2 to caller m. Then caller m invoked the
* {@code checkPermission} method.
* The {@code checkPermission} method determines whether access
* is granted or denied based on the following algorithm:
*
<pre> {@code
* for (int i = m; i > 0; i--) {
*
*     if (caller i's domain does not have the permission)
*         throw AccessControlException
*
*     else if (caller i is marked as privileged) {
*         if (a context was specified in the call to doPrivileged)
*             context.checkPermission(permission)
*         if (limited permissions were specified in the call to doPrivileged) {
*             for (each limited permission) {
*                 if (the limited permission implies the requested permission)
*                     return;
*             }
*         } else
*             return;
*     }
* }
*
* // Next, check the context inherited when the thread was created.
* // Whenever a new thread is created, the AccessControlContext at
* // that time is stored and associated with the new thread, as the
* // "inherited" context.
*
* inheritedContext.checkPermission(permission);
* }</pre>
*
* <p> A caller can be marked as being "privileged"
* (see {@link #doPrivileged(PrivilegedAction) doPrivileged} and below).
* When making access control decisions, the {@code checkPermission}
* method stops checking if it reaches a caller that
* was marked as "privileged" via a {@code doPrivileged}
* call without a context argument (see below for information about a
* context argument). If that caller's domain has the
* specified permission and at least one limiting permission argument (if any)
* implies the requested permission, no further checking is done and
* {@code checkPermission}
* returns quietly, indicating that the requested access is allowed.
* If that domain does not have the specified permission, an exception
* is thrown, as usual. If the caller's domain had the specified permission
* but it was not implied by any limiting permission arguments given in the call
* to {@code doPrivileged} then the permission checking continues
* until there are no more callers or another {@code doPrivileged}
* call matches the requested permission and returns normally.
*
* <p> The normal use of the "privileged" feature is as follows. If you
* don't need to return a value from within the "privileged" block, do
* the following:
*
<pre> {@code
* somemethod() {
*     ...normal code here...
*     AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
*         public Void run() {
*             // privileged code goes here, for example:
*             System.loadLibrary("awt");
*             return null; // nothing to return
*         }
*     });
*     ...normal code here...
* }}</pre>
*
* <p>
* PrivilegedAction is an interface with a single method, named
* {@code run}.
* The above example shows creation of an implementation
* of that interface; a concrete implementation of the
* {@code run} method is supplied.
* When the call to {@code doPrivileged} is made, an
* instance of the PrivilegedAction implementation is passed
* to it. The {@code doPrivileged} method calls the
* {@code run} method from the PrivilegedAction
* implementation after enabling privileges, and returns the
* {@code run} method's return value as the
* {@code doPrivileged} return value (which is
* ignored in this example).
*
* <p> If you need to return a value, you can do something like the following:
*
<pre> {@code
* somemethod() {
*     ...normal code here...
*     String user = AccessController.doPrivileged(
*         new PrivilegedAction<String>() {
*         public String run() {
*             return System.getProperty("user.name");
*             }
*         });
*     ...normal code here...
* }}</pre>
*
* <p>If the action performed in your {@code run} method could
* throw a "checked" exception (those listed in the {@code throws} clause
* of a method), then you need to use the
* {@code PrivilegedExceptionAction} interface instead of the
* {@code PrivilegedAction} interface:
*
<pre> {@code
* somemethod() throws FileNotFoundException {
*     ...normal code here...
*     try {
*         FileInputStream fis = AccessController.doPrivileged(
*         new PrivilegedExceptionAction<FileInputStream>() {
*             public FileInputStream run() throws FileNotFoundException {
*                 return new FileInputStream("someFile");
*             }
*         });
*     } catch (PrivilegedActionException e) {
*         // e.getException() should be an instance of FileNotFoundException,
*         // as only "checked" exceptions will be "wrapped" in a
*         // PrivilegedActionException.
*         throw (FileNotFoundException) e.getException();
*     }
*     ...normal code here...
*  }}</pre>
*
* <p> Be *very* careful in your use of the "privileged" construct, and
* always remember to make the privileged code section as small as possible.
* You can pass {@code Permission} arguments to further limit the
* scope of the "privilege" (see below).
*
*
* <p> Note that {@code checkPermission} always performs security checks
* within the context of the currently executing thread.
* Sometimes a security check that should be made within a given context
* will actually need to be done from within a
* <i>different</i> context (for example, from within a worker thread).
* The {@link #getContext() getContext} method and
* AccessControlContext class are provided
* for this situation. The {@code getContext} method takes a "snapshot"
* of the current calling context, and places
* it in an AccessControlContext object, which it returns. A sample call is
* the following:
*
* <pre>
*
* AccessControlContext acc = AccessController.getContext()
*
* </pre>
*
* <p>
* AccessControlContext itself has a {@code checkPermission} method
* that makes access decisions based on the context <i>it</i> encapsulates,
* rather than that of the current execution thread.
* Code within a different context can thus call that method on the
* previously-saved AccessControlContext object. A sample call is the
* following:
*
* <pre>
*
* acc.checkPermission(permission)
*
* </pre>
*
* <p> There are also times where you don't know a priori which permissions
* to check the context against. In these cases you can use the
* doPrivileged method that takes a context. You can also limit the scope
* of the privileged code by passing additional {@code Permission}
* parameters.
*
<pre> {@code
* somemethod() {
*     AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Object>() {
*         public Object run() {
*             // Code goes here. Any permission checks within this
*             // run method will require that the intersection of the
*             // caller's protection domain and the snapshot's
*             // context have the desired permission. If a requested
*             // permission is not implied by the limiting FilePermission
*             // argument then checking of the thread continues beyond the
*             // caller of doPrivileged.
*         }
*     }, acc, new FilePermission("/temp/*", read));
*     ...normal code here...
* }}</pre>
* <p> Passing a limiting {@code Permission} argument of an instance of
* {@code AllPermission} is equivalent to calling the equivalent
* {@code doPrivileged} method without limiting {@code Permission}
* arguments. Passing a zero length array of {@code Permission} disables
* the code privileges so that checking always continues beyond the caller of
* that {@code doPrivileged} method.
*
* @see AccessControlContext
*
* @author Li Gong
* @author Roland Schemers
*/

public final class AccessController {

    /**
     * Don't allow anyone to instantiate an AccessController
     */
    private AccessController() { }

    /**
     * Performs the specified {@code PrivilegedAction} with privileges
     * enabled. The action is performed with <i>all</i> of the permissions
     * possessed by the caller's protection domain.
     *
     * <p> If the action's {@code run} method throws an (unchecked)
     * exception, it will propagate through this method.
     *
     * <p> Note that any DomainCombiner associated with the current
     * AccessControlContext will be ignored while the action is performed.
     *
     * @param <T> the type of the value returned by the PrivilegedAction's
     *                  {@code run} method.
     *
     * @param action the action to be performed.
     *
     * @return the value returned by the action's {@code run} method.
     *
     * @exception NullPointerException if the action is {@code null}
     *
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedAction,AccessControlContext)
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedExceptionAction)
     * @see #doPrivilegedWithCombiner(PrivilegedAction)
     * @see java.security.DomainCombiner
     */

    @CallerSensitive
    public static native <T> T doPrivileged(PrivilegedAction<T> action);

    /**
     * Performs the specified {@code PrivilegedAction} with privileges
     * enabled. The action is performed with <i>all</i> of the permissions
     * possessed by the caller's protection domain.
     *
     * <p> If the action's {@code run} method throws an (unchecked)
     * exception, it will propagate through this method.
     *
     * <p> This method preserves the current AccessControlContext's
     * DomainCombiner (which may be null) while the action is performed.
     *
     * @param <T> the type of the value returned by the PrivilegedAction's
     *                  {@code run} method.
     *
     * @param action the action to be performed.
     *
     * @return the value returned by the action's {@code run} method.
     *
     * @exception NullPointerException if the action is {@code null}
     *
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedAction)
     * @see java.security.DomainCombiner
     *
     * @since 1.6
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static <T> T doPrivilegedWithCombiner(PrivilegedAction<T> action) {
        AccessControlContext acc = getStackAccessControlContext();
        if (acc == null) {
            return AccessController.doPrivileged(action);
        }
        DomainCombiner dc = acc.getAssignedCombiner();
        return AccessController.doPrivileged(action,
                                             preserveCombiner(dc, Reflection.getCallerClass()));
    }


    /**
     * Performs the specified {@code PrivilegedAction} with privileges
     * enabled and restricted by the specified {@code AccessControlContext}.
     * The action is performed with the intersection of the permissions
     * possessed by the caller's protection domain, and those possessed
     * by the domains represented by the specified {@code AccessControlContext}.
     * <p>
     * If the action's {@code run} method throws an (unchecked) exception,
     * it will propagate through this method.
     * <p>
     * If a security manager is installed and the specified
     * {@code AccessControlContext} was not created by system code and the
     * caller's {@code ProtectionDomain} has not been granted the
     * {@literal "createAccessControlContext"}
     * {@link java.security.SecurityPermission}, then the action is performed
     * with no permissions.
     *
     * @param <T> the type of the value returned by the PrivilegedAction's
     *                  {@code run} method.
     * @param action the action to be performed.
     * @param context an <i>access control context</i>
     *                representing the restriction to be applied to the
     *                caller's domain's privileges before performing
     *                the specified action.  If the context is
     *                {@code null}, then no additional restriction is applied.
     *
     * @return the value returned by the action's {@code run} method.
     *
     * @exception NullPointerException if the action is {@code null}
     *
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedAction)
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedExceptionAction,AccessControlContext)
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static native <T> T doPrivileged(PrivilegedAction<T> action,
                                            AccessControlContext context);


    /**
     * Performs the specified {@code PrivilegedAction} with privileges
     * enabled and restricted by the specified
     * {@code AccessControlContext} and with a privilege scope limited
     * by specified {@code Permission} arguments.
     *
     * The action is performed with the intersection of the permissions
     * possessed by the caller's protection domain, and those possessed
     * by the domains represented by the specified
     * {@code AccessControlContext}.
     * <p>
     * If the action's {@code run} method throws an (unchecked) exception,
     * it will propagate through this method.
     * <p>
     * If a security manager is installed and the specified
     * {@code AccessControlContext} was not created by system code and the
     * caller's {@code ProtectionDomain} has not been granted the
     * {@literal "createAccessControlContext"}
     * {@link java.security.SecurityPermission}, then the action is performed
     * with no permissions.
     *
     * @param <T> the type of the value returned by the PrivilegedAction's
     *                  {@code run} method.
     * @param action the action to be performed.
     * @param context an <i>access control context</i>
     *                representing the restriction to be applied to the
     *                caller's domain's privileges before performing
     *                the specified action.  If the context is
     *                {@code null},
     *                then no additional restriction is applied.
     * @param perms the {@code Permission} arguments which limit the
     *              scope of the caller's privileges. The number of arguments
     *              is variable.
     *
     * @return the value returned by the action's {@code run} method.
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if action or perms or any element of
     *         perms is {@code null}
     *
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedAction)
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedExceptionAction,AccessControlContext)
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static <T> T doPrivileged(PrivilegedAction<T> action,
        AccessControlContext context, Permission... perms) {

        AccessControlContext parent = getContext();
        if (perms == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("null permissions parameter");
        }
        Class <?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
        return AccessController.doPrivileged(action, createWrapper(null,
            caller, parent, context, perms));
    }


    /**
     * Performs the specified {@code PrivilegedAction} with privileges
     * enabled and restricted by the specified
     * {@code AccessControlContext} and with a privilege scope limited
     * by specified {@code Permission} arguments.
     *
     * The action is performed with the intersection of the permissions
     * possessed by the caller's protection domain, and those possessed
     * by the domains represented by the specified
     * {@code AccessControlContext}.
     * <p>
     * If the action's {@code run} method throws an (unchecked) exception,
     * it will propagate through this method.
     *
     * <p> This method preserves the current AccessControlContext's
     * DomainCombiner (which may be null) while the action is performed.
     * <p>
     * If a security manager is installed and the specified
     * {@code AccessControlContext} was not created by system code and the
     * caller's {@code ProtectionDomain} has not been granted the
     * {@literal "createAccessControlContext"}
     * {@link java.security.SecurityPermission}, then the action is performed
     * with no permissions.
     *
     * @param <T> the type of the value returned by the PrivilegedAction's
     *                  {@code run} method.
     * @param action the action to be performed.
     * @param context an <i>access control context</i>
     *                representing the restriction to be applied to the
     *                caller's domain's privileges before performing
     *                the specified action.  If the context is
     *                {@code null},
     *                then no additional restriction is applied.
     * @param perms the {@code Permission} arguments which limit the
     *              scope of the caller's privileges. The number of arguments
     *              is variable.
     *
     * @return the value returned by the action's {@code run} method.
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if action or perms or any element of
     *         perms is {@code null}
     *
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedAction)
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedExceptionAction,AccessControlContext)
     * @see java.security.DomainCombiner
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static <T> T doPrivilegedWithCombiner(PrivilegedAction<T> action,
        AccessControlContext context, Permission... perms) {

        AccessControlContext parent = getContext();
        DomainCombiner dc = parent.getCombiner();
        if (dc == null && context != null) {
            dc = context.getCombiner();
        }
        if (perms == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("null permissions parameter");
        }
        Class <?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
        return AccessController.doPrivileged(action, createWrapper(dc, caller,
            parent, context, perms));
    }

    /**
     * Performs the specified {@code PrivilegedExceptionAction} with
     * privileges enabled.  The action is performed with <i>all</i> of the
     * permissions possessed by the caller's protection domain.
     *
     * <p> If the action's {@code run} method throws an <i>unchecked</i>
     * exception, it will propagate through this method.
     *
     * <p> Note that any DomainCombiner associated with the current
     * AccessControlContext will be ignored while the action is performed.
     *
     * @param <T> the type of the value returned by the
     *                  PrivilegedExceptionAction's {@code run} method.
     *
     * @param action the action to be performed
     *
     * @return the value returned by the action's {@code run} method
     *
     * @exception PrivilegedActionException if the specified action's
     *         {@code run} method threw a <i>checked</i> exception
     * @exception NullPointerException if the action is {@code null}
     *
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedAction)
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedExceptionAction,AccessControlContext)
     * @see #doPrivilegedWithCombiner(PrivilegedExceptionAction)
     * @see java.security.DomainCombiner
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static native <T> T
        doPrivileged(PrivilegedExceptionAction<T> action)
        throws PrivilegedActionException;


    /**
     * Performs the specified {@code PrivilegedExceptionAction} with
     * privileges enabled.  The action is performed with <i>all</i> of the
     * permissions possessed by the caller's protection domain.
     *
     * <p> If the action's {@code run} method throws an <i>unchecked</i>
     * exception, it will propagate through this method.
     *
     * <p> This method preserves the current AccessControlContext's
     * DomainCombiner (which may be null) while the action is performed.
     *
     * @param <T> the type of the value returned by the
     *                  PrivilegedExceptionAction's {@code run} method.
     *
     * @param action the action to be performed.
     *
     * @return the value returned by the action's {@code run} method
     *
     * @exception PrivilegedActionException if the specified action's
     *         {@code run} method threw a <i>checked</i> exception
     * @exception NullPointerException if the action is {@code null}
     *
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedAction)
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedExceptionAction,AccessControlContext)
     * @see java.security.DomainCombiner
     *
     * @since 1.6
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static <T> T doPrivilegedWithCombiner(PrivilegedExceptionAction<T> action)
        throws PrivilegedActionException
    {
        AccessControlContext acc = getStackAccessControlContext();
        if (acc == null) {
            return AccessController.doPrivileged(action);
        }
        DomainCombiner dc = acc.getAssignedCombiner();
        return AccessController.doPrivileged(action,
                                             preserveCombiner(dc, Reflection.getCallerClass()));
    }

    /**
     * preserve the combiner across the doPrivileged call
     */
    private static AccessControlContext preserveCombiner(DomainCombiner combiner,
                                                         Class<?> caller)
    {
        return createWrapper(combiner, caller, null, null, null);
    }

    /**
     * Create a wrapper to contain the limited privilege scope data.
     */
    private static AccessControlContext
        createWrapper(DomainCombiner combiner, Class<?> caller,
                      AccessControlContext parent, AccessControlContext context,
                      Permission[] perms)
    {
        ProtectionDomain callerPD = getCallerPD(caller);
        // check if caller is authorized to create context
        if (context != null && !context.isAuthorized() &&
            System.getSecurityManager() != null &&
            !callerPD.impliesCreateAccessControlContext())
        {
            ProtectionDomain nullPD = new ProtectionDomain(null, null);
            return new AccessControlContext(new ProtectionDomain[] { nullPD });
        } else {
            return new AccessControlContext(callerPD, combiner, parent,
                                            context, perms);
        }
    }

    private static ProtectionDomain getCallerPD(final Class <?> caller) {
        ProtectionDomain callerPd = doPrivileged
            (new PrivilegedAction<ProtectionDomain>() {
            public ProtectionDomain run() {
                return caller.getProtectionDomain();
            }
        });

        return callerPd;
    }

    /**
     * Performs the specified {@code PrivilegedExceptionAction} with
     * privileges enabled and restricted by the specified
     * {@code AccessControlContext}.  The action is performed with the
     * intersection of the permissions possessed by the caller's
     * protection domain, and those possessed by the domains represented by the
     * specified {@code AccessControlContext}.
     * <p>
     * If the action's {@code run} method throws an <i>unchecked</i>
     * exception, it will propagate through this method.
     * <p>
     * If a security manager is installed and the specified
     * {@code AccessControlContext} was not created by system code and the
     * caller's {@code ProtectionDomain} has not been granted the
     * {@literal "createAccessControlContext"}
     * {@link java.security.SecurityPermission}, then the action is performed
     * with no permissions.
     *
     * @param <T> the type of the value returned by the
     *                  PrivilegedExceptionAction's {@code run} method.
     * @param action the action to be performed
     * @param context an <i>access control context</i>
     *                representing the restriction to be applied to the
     *                caller's domain's privileges before performing
     *                the specified action.  If the context is
     *                {@code null}, then no additional restriction is applied.
     *
     * @return the value returned by the action's {@code run} method
     *
     * @exception PrivilegedActionException if the specified action's
     *         {@code run} method threw a <i>checked</i> exception
     * @exception NullPointerException if the action is {@code null}
     *
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedAction)
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedAction,AccessControlContext)
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static native <T> T
        doPrivileged(PrivilegedExceptionAction<T> action,
                     AccessControlContext context)
        throws PrivilegedActionException;


    /**
     * Performs the specified {@code PrivilegedExceptionAction} with
     * privileges enabled and restricted by the specified
     * {@code AccessControlContext} and with a privilege scope limited by
     * specified {@code Permission} arguments.
     *
     * The action is performed with the intersection of the permissions
     * possessed by the caller's protection domain, and those possessed
     * by the domains represented by the specified
     * {@code AccessControlContext}.
     * <p>
     * If the action's {@code run} method throws an (unchecked) exception,
     * it will propagate through this method.
     * <p>
     * If a security manager is installed and the specified
     * {@code AccessControlContext} was not created by system code and the
     * caller's {@code ProtectionDomain} has not been granted the
     * {@literal "createAccessControlContext"}
     * {@link java.security.SecurityPermission}, then the action is performed
     * with no permissions.
     *
     * @param <T> the type of the value returned by the
     *                  PrivilegedExceptionAction's {@code run} method.
     * @param action the action to be performed.
     * @param context an <i>access control context</i>
     *                representing the restriction to be applied to the
     *                caller's domain's privileges before performing
     *                the specified action.  If the context is
     *                {@code null},
     *                then no additional restriction is applied.
     * @param perms the {@code Permission} arguments which limit the
     *              scope of the caller's privileges. The number of arguments
     *              is variable.
     *
     * @return the value returned by the action's {@code run} method.
     *
     * @throws PrivilegedActionException if the specified action's
     *         {@code run} method threw a <i>checked</i> exception
     * @throws NullPointerException if action or perms or any element of
     *         perms is {@code null}
     *
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedAction)
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedAction,AccessControlContext)
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static <T> T doPrivileged(PrivilegedExceptionAction<T> action,
                                     AccessControlContext context, Permission... perms)
        throws PrivilegedActionException
    {
        AccessControlContext parent = getContext();
        if (perms == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("null permissions parameter");
        }
        Class <?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
        return AccessController.doPrivileged(action, createWrapper(null, caller, parent, context, perms));
    }


    /**
     * Performs the specified {@code PrivilegedExceptionAction} with
     * privileges enabled and restricted by the specified
     * {@code AccessControlContext} and with a privilege scope limited by
     * specified {@code Permission} arguments.
     *
     * The action is performed with the intersection of the permissions
     * possessed by the caller's protection domain, and those possessed
     * by the domains represented by the specified
     * {@code AccessControlContext}.
     * <p>
     * If the action's {@code run} method throws an (unchecked) exception,
     * it will propagate through this method.
     *
     * <p> This method preserves the current AccessControlContext's
     * DomainCombiner (which may be null) while the action is performed.
     * <p>
     * If a security manager is installed and the specified
     * {@code AccessControlContext} was not created by system code and the
     * caller's {@code ProtectionDomain} has not been granted the
     * {@literal "createAccessControlContext"}
     * {@link java.security.SecurityPermission}, then the action is performed
     * with no permissions.
     *
     * @param <T> the type of the value returned by the
     *                  PrivilegedExceptionAction's {@code run} method.
     * @param action the action to be performed.
     * @param context an <i>access control context</i>
     *                representing the restriction to be applied to the
     *                caller's domain's privileges before performing
     *                the specified action.  If the context is
     *                {@code null},
     *                then no additional restriction is applied.
     * @param perms the {@code Permission} arguments which limit the
     *              scope of the caller's privileges. The number of arguments
     *              is variable.
     *
     * @return the value returned by the action's {@code run} method.
     *
     * @throws PrivilegedActionException if the specified action's
     *         {@code run} method threw a <i>checked</i> exception
     * @throws NullPointerException if action or perms or any element of
     *         perms is {@code null}
     *
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedAction)
     * @see #doPrivileged(PrivilegedAction,AccessControlContext)
     * @see java.security.DomainCombiner
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static <T> T doPrivilegedWithCombiner(PrivilegedExceptionAction<T> action,
                                                 AccessControlContext context,
                                                 Permission... perms)
        throws PrivilegedActionException
    {
        AccessControlContext parent = getContext();
        DomainCombiner dc = parent.getCombiner();
        if (dc == null && context != null) {
            dc = context.getCombiner();
        }
        if (perms == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("null permissions parameter");
        }
        Class <?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
        return AccessController.doPrivileged(action, createWrapper(dc, caller,
            parent, context, perms));
    }

    /**
     * Returns the AccessControl context. i.e., it gets
     * the protection domains of all the callers on the stack,
     * starting at the first class with a non-null
     * ProtectionDomain.
     *
     * @return the access control context based on the current stack or
     *         null if there was only privileged system code.
     */

    private static native AccessControlContext getStackAccessControlContext();


    /**
     * Returns the "inherited" AccessControl context. This is the context
     * that existed when the thread was created. Package private so
     * AccessControlContext can use it.
     */

    static native AccessControlContext getInheritedAccessControlContext();

    /**
     * This method takes a "snapshot" of the current calling context, which
     * includes the current Thread's inherited AccessControlContext and any
     * limited privilege scope, and places it in an AccessControlContext object.
     * This context may then be checked at a later point, possibly in another thread.
     *
     * @see AccessControlContext
     *
     * @return the AccessControlContext based on the current context.
     */

    public static AccessControlContext getContext()
    {
        AccessControlContext acc = getStackAccessControlContext();
        if (acc == null) {
            // all we had was privileged system code. We don't want
            // to return null though, so we construct a real ACC.
            return new AccessControlContext(null, true);
        } else {
            return acc.optimize();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Determines whether the access request indicated by the
     * specified permission should be allowed or denied, based on
     * the current AccessControlContext and security policy.
     * This method quietly returns if the access request
     * is permitted, or throws an AccessControlException otherwise. The
     * getPermission method of the AccessControlException returns the
     * {@code perm} Permission object instance.
     *
     * @param perm the requested permission.
     *
     * @exception AccessControlException if the specified permission
     *            is not permitted, based on the current security policy.
     * @exception NullPointerException if the specified permission
     *            is {@code null} and is checked based on the
     *            security policy currently in effect.
     */

    public static void checkPermission(Permission perm)
        throws AccessControlException
    {
        //System.err.println("checkPermission "+perm);
        //Thread.currentThread().dumpStack();

        if (perm == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("permission can't be null");
        }

        AccessControlContext stack = getStackAccessControlContext();
        // if context is null, we had privileged system code on the stack.
        if (stack == null) {
            Debug debug = AccessControlContext.getDebug();
            boolean dumpDebug = false;
            if (debug != null) {
                dumpDebug = !Debug.isOn("codebase=");
                dumpDebug &= !Debug.isOn("permission=") ||
                    Debug.isOn("permission=" + perm.getClass().getCanonicalName());
            }

            if (dumpDebug && Debug.isOn("stack")) {
                Thread.dumpStack();
            }

            if (dumpDebug && Debug.isOn("domain")) {
                debug.println("domain (context is null)");
            }

            if (dumpDebug) {
                debug.println("access allowed "+perm);
            }
            return;
        }

        AccessControlContext acc = stack.optimize();
        acc.checkPermission(perm);
    }
}
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