Package java.util

Source Code of java.util.JapaneseImperialCalendar

/*
* @(#)JapaneseImperialCalendar.java  1.8 07/01/18
*
* Copyright 2006 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
* SUN PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
*/

package java.util;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import sun.util.calendar.BaseCalendar;
import sun.util.calendar.CalendarDate;
import sun.util.calendar.CalendarSystem;
import sun.util.calendar.CalendarUtils;
import sun.util.calendar.Era;
import sun.util.calendar.Gregorian;
import sun.util.calendar.LocalGregorianCalendar;
import sun.util.calendar.ZoneInfo;
import sun.util.resources.LocaleData;

/**
* <code>JapaneseImperialCalendar</code> implements a Japanese
* calendar system in which the imperial era-based year numbering is
* supported from the Meiji era. The following are the eras supported
* by this calendar system.
* <pre><tt>
* ERA value   Era name    Since (in Gregorian)     
* ------------------------------------------------------
*     0       N/A         N/A
*     1       Meiji       1868-01-01 midnight local time
*     2       Taisho      1912-07-30 midnight local time
*     3       Showa       1926-12-25 midnight local time
*     4       Heisei      1989-01-08 midnight local time
* ------------------------------------------------------
* </tt></pre>
*
* <p><code>ERA</code> value 0 specifies the years before Meiji and
* the Gregorian year values are used. Unlike {@link
* GregorianCalendar}, the Julian to Gregorian transition is not
* supported because it doesn't make any sense to the Japanese
* calendar systems used before Meiji. To represent the years before
* Gregorian year 1, 0 and negative values are used. The Japanese
* Imperial rescripts and government decrees don't specify how to deal
* with time differences for applying the era transitions. This
* calendar implementation assumes local time for all transitions.
*
* @author Masayoshi Okutsu
* @since 1.6
*/
class JapaneseImperialCalendar extends Calendar {
    /*
     * Implementation Notes
     *
     * This implementation uses
     * sun.util.calendar.LocalGregorianCalendar to perform most of the
     * calendar calculations. LocalGregorianCalendar is configurable
     * and reads <JRE_HOME>/lib/calendars.properties at the start-up.
     */

    /**
     * The ERA constant designating the era before Meiji.
     */
    public static final int BEFORE_MEIJI = 0;

    /**
     * The ERA constant designating the Meiji era.
     */
    public static final int MEIJI = 1;

    /**
     * The ERA constant designating the Taisho era.
     */
    public static final int TAISHO = 2;

    /**
     * The ERA constant designating the Showa era.
     */
    public static final int SHOWA = 3;

    /**
     * The ERA constant designating the Heisei era.
     */
    public static final int HEISEI = 4;

    private static final int EPOCH_OFFSET   = 719163; // Fixed date of January 1, 1970 (Gregorian)
    private static final int EPOCH_YEAR     = 1970;

    // Useful millisecond constants.  Although ONE_DAY and ONE_WEEK can fit
    // into ints, they must be longs in order to prevent arithmetic overflow
    // when performing (bug 4173516).
    private static final int  ONE_SECOND = 1000;
    private static final int  ONE_MINUTE = 60*ONE_SECOND;
    private static final int  ONE_HOUR   = 60*ONE_MINUTE;
    private static final long ONE_DAY    = 24*ONE_HOUR;
    private static final long ONE_WEEK   = 7*ONE_DAY;

    // Reference to the sun.util.calendar.LocalGregorianCalendar instance (singleton).
    private static final LocalGregorianCalendar jcal
  = (LocalGregorianCalendar) CalendarSystem.forName("japanese");

    // Gregorian calendar instance. This is required because era
    // transition dates are given in Gregorian dates.
    private static final Gregorian gcal = CalendarSystem.getGregorianCalendar();

    // The Era instance representing "before Meiji".
    private static final Era BEFORE_MEIJI_ERA = new Era("BeforeMeiji", "BM", Long.MIN_VALUE, false);

    // Imperial eras. The sun.util.calendar.LocalGregorianCalendar
    // doesn't have an Era representing before Meiji, which is
    // inconvenient for a Calendar. So, era[0] is a reference to
    // BEFORE_MEIJI_ERA.
    private static final Era[] eras;

    // Fixed date of the first date of each era.
    private static final long[] sinceFixedDates;

    /*
     * <pre>
     *                                 Greatest       Least
     * Field name             Minimum   Minimum     Maximum     Maximum
     * ----------             -------   -------     -------     -------
     * ERA                          0         0           1           1
     * YEAR                -292275055         1           ?           ?
     * MONTH                        0         0          11          11
     * WEEK_OF_YEAR                 1         1          52*         53
     * WEEK_OF_MONTH                0         0           4*          6
     * DAY_OF_MONTH                 1         1          28*         31
     * DAY_OF_YEAR                  1         1         365*        366
     * DAY_OF_WEEK                  1         1           7           7
     * DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH        -1        -1           4*          6
     * AM_PM                        0         0           1           1
     * HOUR                         0         0          11          11
     * HOUR_OF_DAY                  0         0          23          23
     * MINUTE                       0         0          59          59
     * SECOND                       0         0          59          59
     * MILLISECOND                  0         0         999         999
     * ZONE_OFFSET             -13:00    -13:00       14:00       14:00
     * DST_OFFSET                0:00      0:00        0:20        2:00
     * </pre>
     * *: depends on eras
     */
    static final int MIN_VALUES[] = {
        0,    // ERA
  -292275055// YEAR
  JANUARY,  // MONTH
  1,    // WEEK_OF_YEAR
  0,    // WEEK_OF_MONTH
  1,    // DAY_OF_MONTH
  1,    // DAY_OF_YEAR
  SUNDAY,    // DAY_OF_WEEK
  1,    // DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH
  AM,    // AM_PM
  0,    // HOUR
  0,    // HOUR_OF_DAY
  0,    // MINUTE
  0,    // SECOND
  0,    // MILLISECOND
  -13*ONE_HOUR,  // ZONE_OFFSET (UNIX compatibility)
  0    // DST_OFFSET
    };
    static final int LEAST_MAX_VALUES[] = {
        0,    // ERA (initialized later)
  0,    // YEAR (initialized later)
  JANUARY,  // MONTH (Showa 64 ended in January.)
  0,    // WEEK_OF_YEAR (Showa 1 has only 6 days which could be 0 weeks.)
  4,    // WEEK_OF_MONTH
  28,    // DAY_OF_MONTH
  0,    // DAY_OF_YEAR (initialized later)
  SATURDAY,  // DAY_OF_WEEK
  4,    // DAY_OF_WEEK_IN
  PM,    // AM_PM
  11,    // HOUR
  23,    // HOUR_OF_DAY
  59,    // MINUTE
  59,    // SECOND
  999,    // MILLISECOND
  14*ONE_HOUR,  // ZONE_OFFSET
  20*ONE_MINUTE  // DST_OFFSET (historical least maximum)
    };
    static final int MAX_VALUES[] = {
        0,    // ERA
  292278994// YEAR
  DECEMBER,  // MONTH
  53,    // WEEK_OF_YEAR
  6,    // WEEK_OF_MONTH
  31,    // DAY_OF_MONTH
  366,    // DAY_OF_YEAR
  SATURDAY,  // DAY_OF_WEEK
  6,    // DAY_OF_WEEK_IN
  PM,    // AM_PM
  11,    // HOUR
  23,    // HOUR_OF_DAY
  59,    // MINUTE
  59,    // SECOND
  999,    // MILLISECOND
  14*ONE_HOUR,  // ZONE_OFFSET
  2*ONE_HOUR  // DST_OFFSET (double summer time)
    };

    // Proclaim serialization compatibility with JDK 1.6
    private static final long serialVersionUID = -3364572813905467929L;

    static {
  Era[] es = jcal.getEras();
  int length = es.length + 1;
  eras = new Era[length];
  sinceFixedDates = new long[length];

  // eras[BEFORE_MEIJI] and sinceFixedDate[BEFORE_MEIJI] are the
  // same as Gregorian.
  int index = BEFORE_MEIJI;
  sinceFixedDates[index] = gcal.getFixedDate(BEFORE_MEIJI_ERA.getSinceDate());
  eras[index++] = BEFORE_MEIJI_ERA;
  for (Era e : es) {
      CalendarDate d = e.getSinceDate();
      sinceFixedDates[index] = gcal.getFixedDate(d);
      eras[index++] = e;
  }

  LEAST_MAX_VALUES[ERA] = MAX_VALUES[ERA] = eras.length - 1;

  // Calculate the least maximum year and least day of Year
  // values. The following code assumes that there's at most one
  // era transition in a Gregorian year.
  int year = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
  int dayOfYear = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
  CalendarDate date = gcal.newCalendarDate(TimeZone.NO_TIMEZONE);
  for (int i = 1; i < eras.length; i++) {
      long fd = sinceFixedDates[i];
      CalendarDate transitionDate = eras[i].getSinceDate();
      date.setDate(transitionDate.getYear(), BaseCalendar.JANUARY, 1);
      long fdd = gcal.getFixedDate(date);
      dayOfYear = Math.min((int)(fdd - fd), dayOfYear);
      date.setDate(transitionDate.getYear(), BaseCalendar.DECEMBER, 31);
      fdd = gcal.getFixedDate(date) + 1;
      dayOfYear = Math.min((int)(fd - fdd), dayOfYear);

      LocalGregorianCalendar.Date lgd = getCalendarDate(fd - 1);
      int y = lgd.getYear();
      // Unless the first year starts from January 1, the actual
      // max value could be one year short. For example, if it's
      // Showa 63 January 8, 63 is the actual max value since
      // Showa 64 January 8 doesn't exist.
      if (!(lgd.getMonth() == BaseCalendar.JANUARY && lgd.getDayOfMonth() == 1))
    y--;
      year = Math.min(y, year);
  }
  LEAST_MAX_VALUES[YEAR] = year; // Max year could be smaller than this value.
  LEAST_MAX_VALUES[DAY_OF_YEAR] = dayOfYear;
    }

    /**
     * jdate always has a sun.util.calendar.LocalGregorianCalendar.Date instance to
     * avoid overhead of creating it for each calculation.
     */
    private transient LocalGregorianCalendar.Date jdate;

    /**
     * Temporary int[2] to get time zone offsets. zoneOffsets[0] gets
     * the GMT offset value and zoneOffsets[1] gets the daylight saving
     * value.
     */
    private transient int[] zoneOffsets;

    /**
     * Temporary storage for saving original fields[] values in
     * non-lenient mode.
     */
    private transient int[] originalFields;

    /**
     * Constructs a <code>JapaneseImperialCalendar</code> based on the current time
     * in the given time zone with the given locale.
     *
     * @param zone the given time zone.
     * @param aLocale the given locale.
     */
    public JapaneseImperialCalendar(TimeZone zone, Locale aLocale) {
        super(zone, aLocale);
  jdate = jcal.newCalendarDate(zone);
        setTimeInMillis(System.currentTimeMillis());
    }

    /**
     * Compares this <code>JapaneseImperialCalendar</code> to the specified
     * <code>Object</code>. The result is <code>true</code> if and
     * only if the argument is a <code>JapaneseImperialCalendar</code> object
     * that represents the same time value (millisecond offset from
     * the <a href="Calendar.html#Epoch">Epoch</a>) under the same
     * <code>Calendar</code> parameters.
     *
     * @param obj the object to compare with.
     * @return <code>true</code> if this object is equal to <code>obj</code>;
     * <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @see Calendar#compareTo(Calendar)
     */
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        return obj instanceof JapaneseImperialCalendar &&
      super.equals(obj);
    }
   
    /**
     * Generates the hash code for this
     * <code>JapaneseImperialCalendar</code> object.
     */
    public int hashCode() {
        return super.hashCode() ^ jdate.hashCode();
    }

    /**
     * Adds the specified (signed) amount of time to the given calendar field,
     * based on the calendar's rules.
     *
     * <p><em>Add rule 1</em>. The value of <code>field</code>
     * after the call minus the value of <code>field</code> before the
     * call is <code>amount</code>, modulo any overflow that has occurred in
     * <code>field</code>. Overflow occurs when a field value exceeds its
     * range and, as a result, the next larger field is incremented or
     * decremented and the field value is adjusted back into its range.</p>
     *
     * <p><em>Add rule 2</em>. If a smaller field is expected to be
     * invariant, but it is impossible for it to be equal to its
     * prior value because of changes in its minimum or maximum after
     * <code>field</code> is changed, then its value is adjusted to be as close
     * as possible to its expected value. A smaller field represents a
     * smaller unit of time. <code>HOUR</code> is a smaller field than
     * <code>DAY_OF_MONTH</code>. No adjustment is made to smaller fields
     * that are not expected to be invariant. The calendar system
     * determines what fields are expected to be invariant.</p>
     *
     * @param field the calendar field.
     * @param amount the amount of date or time to be added to the field.
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>field</code> is
     * <code>ZONE_OFFSET</code>, <code>DST_OFFSET</code>, or unknown,
     * or if any calendar fields have out-of-range values in
     * non-lenient mode.
     */
    public void add(int field, int amount) {
  // If amount == 0, do nothing even the given field is out of
  // range. This is tested by JCK.
        if (amount == 0) {
      return;   // Do nothing!
  }

  if (field < 0 || field >= ZONE_OFFSET) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException();
  }

  // Sync the time and calendar fields.
        complete();

        if (field == YEAR) {
      LocalGregorianCalendar.Date d = (LocalGregorianCalendar.Date) jdate.clone();
      d.addYear(amount);
            pinDayOfMonth(d);
      set(ERA, getEraIndex(d));
      set(YEAR, d.getYear());
      set(MONTH, d.getMonth() - 1);
      set(DAY_OF_MONTH, d.getDayOfMonth());
        } else if (field == MONTH) {
      LocalGregorianCalendar.Date d = (LocalGregorianCalendar.Date) jdate.clone();
      d.addMonth(amount);
            pinDayOfMonth(d);
      set(ERA, getEraIndex(d));
      set(YEAR, d.getYear());
      set(MONTH, d.getMonth() - 1);
      set(DAY_OF_MONTH, d.getDayOfMonth());
        } else if (field == ERA) {
            int era = internalGet(ERA) + amount;
            if (era < 0) {
    era = 0;
      } else if (era > eras.length - 1) {
    era = eras.length - 1;
      }
            set(ERA, era);
        } else {
      long delta = amount;
      long timeOfDay = 0;
      switch (field) {
      // Handle the time fields here. Convert the given
      // amount to milliseconds and call setTimeInMillis.
            case HOUR:
            case HOUR_OF_DAY:
                delta *= 60 * 60 * 1000// hours to milliseconds
                break;

            case MINUTE:
                delta *= 60 * 1000;    // minutes to milliseconds
                break;

            case SECOND:
                delta *= 1000;      // seconds to milliseconds
                break;

            case MILLISECOND:
                break;

      // Handle week, day and AM_PM fields which involves
      // time zone offset change adjustment. Convert the
      // given amount to the number of days.
            case WEEK_OF_YEAR:
            case WEEK_OF_MONTH:
            case DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH:
                delta *= 7;
    break;

            case DAY_OF_MONTH: // synonym of DATE
            case DAY_OF_YEAR:
            case DAY_OF_WEEK:
    break;

      case AM_PM:
    // Convert the amount to the number of days (delta)
    // and +12 or -12 hours (timeOfDay).
    delta = amount / 2;
    timeOfDay = 12 * (amount % 2);
    break;
      }

      // The time fields don't require time zone offset change
      // adjustment.
      if (field >= HOUR) {
    setTimeInMillis(time + delta);
    return;
      }

      // The rest of the fields (week, day or AM_PM fields)
      // require time zone offset (both GMT and DST) change
      // adjustment.

      // Translate the current time to the fixed date and time
      // of the day.
      long fd = cachedFixedDate;
      timeOfDay += internalGet(HOUR_OF_DAY);
      timeOfDay *= 60;
      timeOfDay += internalGet(MINUTE);
      timeOfDay *= 60;
      timeOfDay += internalGet(SECOND);
      timeOfDay *= 1000;
      timeOfDay += internalGet(MILLISECOND);
      if (timeOfDay >= ONE_DAY) {
    fd++;
    timeOfDay -= ONE_DAY;
      } else if (timeOfDay < 0) {
    fd--;
    timeOfDay += ONE_DAY;
      }

      fd += delta; // fd is the expected fixed date after the calculation
      int zoneOffset = internalGet(ZONE_OFFSET) + internalGet(DST_OFFSET);
      setTimeInMillis((fd - EPOCH_OFFSET) * ONE_DAY + timeOfDay - zoneOffset);
      zoneOffset -= internalGet(ZONE_OFFSET) + internalGet(DST_OFFSET);
      // If the time zone offset has changed, then adjust the difference.
      if (zoneOffset != 0) {
    setTimeInMillis(time + zoneOffset);
    long fd2 = cachedFixedDate;
    // If the adjustment has changed the date, then take
    // the previous one.
    if (fd2 != fd) {
        setTimeInMillis(time - zoneOffset);
    }
      }
  }
    }

    public void roll(int field, boolean up) {
        roll(field, up ? +1 : -1);
    }

    /**
     * Adds a signed amount to the specified calendar field without changing larger fields.
     * A negative roll amount means to subtract from field without changing
     * larger fields. If the specified amount is 0, this method performs nothing.
     *
     * <p>This method calls {@link #complete()} before adding the
     * amount so that all the calendar fields are normalized. If there
     * is any calendar field having an out-of-range value in non-lenient mode, then an
     * <code>IllegalArgumentException</code> is thrown.
     *
     * @param field the calendar field.
     * @param amount the signed amount to add to <code>field</code>.
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>field</code> is
     * <code>ZONE_OFFSET</code>, <code>DST_OFFSET</code>, or unknown,
     * or if any calendar fields have out-of-range values in
     * non-lenient mode.
     * @see #roll(int,boolean)
     * @see #add(int,int)
     * @see #set(int,int)
     */
    public void roll(int field, int amount) {
  // If amount == 0, do nothing even the given field is out of
  // range. This is tested by JCK.
        if (amount == 0) {
      return;
  }

  if (field < 0 || field >= ZONE_OFFSET) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException();
  }

  // Sync the time and calendar fields.
  complete();

  int min = getMinimum(field);
  int max = getMaximum(field);

        switch (field) {
  case ERA:
        case AM_PM:
        case MINUTE:
        case SECOND:
        case MILLISECOND:
            // These fields are handled simply, since they have fixed
            // minima and maxima. Other fields are complicated, since
            // the range within they must roll varies depending on the
            // date, a time zone and the era transitions.
            break;

        case HOUR:
        case HOUR_OF_DAY:
      {
    int unit = max + 1; // 12 or 24 hours
    int h = internalGet(field);
    int nh = (h + amount) % unit;
    if (nh < 0) {
        nh += unit;
    }
    time += ONE_HOUR * (nh - h);

    // The day might have changed, which could happen if
    // the daylight saving time transition brings it to
    // the next day, although it's very unlikely. But we
    // have to make sure not to change the larger fields.
    CalendarDate d = jcal.getCalendarDate(time, getZone());
    if (internalGet(DAY_OF_MONTH) != d.getDayOfMonth()) {
        d.setEra(jdate.getEra());
        d.setDate(internalGet(YEAR),
            internalGet(MONTH) + 1,
            internalGet(DAY_OF_MONTH));
        if (field == HOUR) {
      assert (internalGet(AM_PM) == PM);
      d.addHours(+12); // restore PM
        }
        time = jcal.getTime(d);
    }
    int hourOfDay = d.getHours();
    internalSet(field, hourOfDay % unit);
    if (field == HOUR) {
        internalSet(HOUR_OF_DAY, hourOfDay);
    } else {
        internalSet(AM_PM, hourOfDay / 12);
        internalSet(HOUR, hourOfDay % 12);
    }

    // Time zone offset and/or daylight saving might have changed.
    int zoneOffset = d.getZoneOffset();
    int saving = d.getDaylightSaving();
    internalSet(ZONE_OFFSET, zoneOffset - saving);
    internalSet(DST_OFFSET, saving);
    return;
      }

        case YEAR:
      min = getActualMinimum(field);
      max = getActualMaximum(field);
      break;

        case MONTH:
            // Rolling the month involves both pinning the final value to [0, 11]
            // and adjusting the DAY_OF_MONTH if necessary.  We only adjust the
            // DAY_OF_MONTH if, after updating the MONTH field, it is illegal.
            // E.g., <jan31>.roll(MONTH, 1) -> <feb28> or <feb29>.
            {
    if (!isTransitionYear(jdate.getNormalizedYear())) {
        int year = jdate.getYear();
        if (year == getMaximum(YEAR)) {
      CalendarDate jd = jcal.getCalendarDate(time, getZone());
      CalendarDate d = jcal.getCalendarDate(Long.MAX_VALUE, getZone());
      max = d.getMonth() - 1;
      int n = getRolledValue(internalGet(field), amount, min, max);
      if (n == max) {
          // To avoid overflow, use an equivalent year.
          jd.addYear(-400);
          jd.setMonth(n + 1);
          if (jd.getDayOfMonth() > d.getDayOfMonth()) {
        jd.setDayOfMonth(d.getDayOfMonth());
        jcal.normalize(jd);
          }
          if (jd.getDayOfMonth() == d.getDayOfMonth()
        && jd.getTimeOfDay() > d.getTimeOfDay()) {
        jd.setMonth(n + 1);
        jd.setDayOfMonth(d.getDayOfMonth() - 1);
        jcal.normalize(jd);
        // Month may have changed by the normalization.
        n = jd.getMonth() - 1;
          }
          set(DAY_OF_MONTH, jd.getDayOfMonth());
      }
      set(MONTH, n);
        } else if (year == getMinimum(YEAR)) {
      CalendarDate jd = jcal.getCalendarDate(time, getZone());
      CalendarDate d = jcal.getCalendarDate(Long.MIN_VALUE, getZone());
      min = d.getMonth() - 1;
      int n = getRolledValue(internalGet(field), amount, min, max);
      if (n == min) {
          // To avoid underflow, use an equivalent year.
          jd.addYear(+400);
          jd.setMonth(n + 1);
          if (jd.getDayOfMonth() < d.getDayOfMonth()) {
        jd.setDayOfMonth(d.getDayOfMonth());
        jcal.normalize(jd);
          }
          if (jd.getDayOfMonth() == d.getDayOfMonth()
        && jd.getTimeOfDay() < d.getTimeOfDay()) {
        jd.setMonth(n + 1);
        jd.setDayOfMonth(d.getDayOfMonth() + 1);
        jcal.normalize(jd);
        // Month may have changed by the normalization.
        n = jd.getMonth() - 1;
          }
          set(DAY_OF_MONTH, jd.getDayOfMonth());
      }
      set(MONTH, n);
        } else {
      int mon = (internalGet(MONTH) + amount) % 12;
      if (mon < 0) {
          mon += 12;
      }
      set(MONTH, mon);
               
      // Keep the day of month in the range.  We
      // don't want to spill over into the next
      // month; e.g., we don't want jan31 + 1 mo ->
      // feb31 -> mar3.
      int monthLen = monthLength(mon);
      if (internalGet(DAY_OF_MONTH) > monthLen) {
          set(DAY_OF_MONTH, monthLen);
      }
        }
    } else {
        int eraIndex = getEraIndex(jdate);
        CalendarDate transition = null;
        if (jdate.getYear() == 1) {
      transition = eras[eraIndex].getSinceDate();
      min = transition.getMonth() - 1;
        } else {
      if (eraIndex < eras.length - 1) {
          transition = eras[eraIndex + 1].getSinceDate();
          if (transition.getYear() == jdate.getNormalizedYear()) {
        max = transition.getMonth() - 1;
        if (transition.getDayOfMonth() == 1) {
            max--;
        }
          }
      }
        }

        if (min == max) {
      // The year has only one month. No need to
      // process further. (Showa Gan-nen (year 1)
      // and the last year have only one month.)
      return;
        }
        int n = getRolledValue(internalGet(field), amount, min, max);
        set(MONTH, n);
        if (n == min) {
      if (!(transition.getMonth() == BaseCalendar.JANUARY
            && transition.getDayOfMonth() == 1)) {
          if (jdate.getDayOfMonth() < transition.getDayOfMonth()) {
        set(DAY_OF_MONTH, transition.getDayOfMonth());
          }
      }
        } else if (n == max && (transition.getMonth() - 1 == n)) {
      int dom = transition.getDayOfMonth();
      if (jdate.getDayOfMonth() >= dom) {
          set(DAY_OF_MONTH, dom - 1);
      }
        }
    }
    return;
            }

        case WEEK_OF_YEAR:
      {
    int y = jdate.getNormalizedYear();
    max = getActualMaximum(WEEK_OF_YEAR);
    set(DAY_OF_WEEK, internalGet(DAY_OF_WEEK)); // update stamp[field]
    int woy = internalGet(WEEK_OF_YEAR);
    int value = woy + amount;
    if (!isTransitionYear(jdate.getNormalizedYear())) {
        int year = jdate.getYear();
        if (year == getMaximum(YEAR)) {
      max = getActualMaximum(WEEK_OF_YEAR);
        } else if (year == getMinimum(YEAR)) {
      min = getActualMinimum(WEEK_OF_YEAR);
      max = getActualMaximum(WEEK_OF_YEAR);
      if (value > min && value < max) {
          set(WEEK_OF_YEAR, value);
          return;
      }
     
        }
        // If the new value is in between min and max
        // (exclusive), then we can use the value.
        if (value > min && value < max) {
      set(WEEK_OF_YEAR, value);
      return;
        }
        long fd = cachedFixedDate;
        // Make sure that the min week has the current DAY_OF_WEEK
        long day1 = fd - (7 * (woy - min));
        if (year != getMinimum(YEAR)) {
      if (gcal.getYearFromFixedDate(day1) != y) {
          min++;
      }
        } else {
      CalendarDate d = jcal.getCalendarDate(Long.MIN_VALUE, getZone());
      if (day1 < jcal.getFixedDate(d)) {
          min++;
      }
        }

        // Make sure the same thing for the max week
        fd += 7 * (max - internalGet(WEEK_OF_YEAR));
        if (gcal.getYearFromFixedDate(fd) != y) {
      max--;
        }
        break;
    }

    // Handle transition here.
    long fd = cachedFixedDate;
    long day1 = fd - (7 * (woy - min));
    // Make sure that the min week has the current DAY_OF_WEEK
    LocalGregorianCalendar.Date d = getCalendarDate(day1);
    if (!(d.getEra() == jdate.getEra() && d.getYear() == jdate.getYear())) {
        min++;
    }

    // Make sure the same thing for the max week
    fd += 7 * (max - woy);
    jcal.getCalendarDateFromFixedDate(d, fd);
    if (!(d.getEra() == jdate.getEra() && d.getYear() == jdate.getYear())) {
        max--;
    }
    // value: the new WEEK_OF_YEAR which must be converted
    // to month and day of month.
    value = getRolledValue(woy, amount, min, max) - 1;
    d = getCalendarDate(day1 + value * 7);
    set(MONTH, d.getMonth() - 1);
    set(DAY_OF_MONTH, d.getDayOfMonth());
    return;
      }

        case WEEK_OF_MONTH:
      {
    boolean isTransitionYear = isTransitionYear(jdate.getNormalizedYear());
    // dow: relative day of week from the first day of week
    int dow = internalGet(DAY_OF_WEEK) - getFirstDayOfWeek();
    if (dow < 0) {
        dow += 7;
    }

    long fd = cachedFixedDate;
    long month1;   // fixed date of the first day (usually 1) of the month
    int monthLength; // actual month length
    if (isTransitionYear) {
        month1 = getFixedDateMonth1(jdate, fd);
        monthLength = actualMonthLength();
    } else {
        month1 = fd - internalGet(DAY_OF_MONTH) + 1;
        monthLength = jcal.getMonthLength(jdate);
    }

    // the first day of week of the month.
    long monthDay1st = jcal.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(month1 + 6,
                   getFirstDayOfWeek());
    // if the week has enough days to form a week, the
    // week starts from the previous month.
    if ((int)(monthDay1st - month1) >= getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()) {
        monthDay1st -= 7;
    }
    max = getActualMaximum(field);

    // value: the new WEEK_OF_MONTH value
    int value = getRolledValue(internalGet(field), amount, 1, max) - 1;

    // nfd: fixed date of the rolled date
    long nfd = monthDay1st + value * 7 + dow;

    // Unlike WEEK_OF_YEAR, we need to change day of week if the
    // nfd is out of the month.
    if (nfd < month1) {
        nfd = month1;
    } else if (nfd >= (month1 + monthLength)) {
        nfd = month1 + monthLength - 1;
    }
    set(DAY_OF_MONTH, (int)(nfd - month1) + 1);
    return;
      }

        case DAY_OF_MONTH:
      {
    if (!isTransitionYear(jdate.getNormalizedYear())) {
        max = jcal.getMonthLength(jdate);
        break;
    }

    // TODO: Need to change the spec to be usable DAY_OF_MONTH rolling...

    // Transition handling. We can't change year and era
    // values here due to the Calendar roll spec!
    long month1 = getFixedDateMonth1(jdate, cachedFixedDate);

    // It may not be a regular month. Convert the date and range to
    // the relative values, perform the roll, and
    // convert the result back to the rolled date.
    int value = getRolledValue((int)(cachedFixedDate - month1), amount,
             0, actualMonthLength() - 1);
    LocalGregorianCalendar.Date d = getCalendarDate(month1 + value);
    assert getEraIndex(d) == internalGetEra()
        && d.getYear() == internalGet(YEAR) && d.getMonth()-1 == internalGet(MONTH);
    set(DAY_OF_MONTH, d.getDayOfMonth());
    return;
      }

        case DAY_OF_YEAR:
      {
    max = getActualMaximum(field);
    if (!isTransitionYear(jdate.getNormalizedYear())) {
        break;
    }

    // Handle transition. We can't change year and era values
    // here due to the Calendar roll spec.
    int value = getRolledValue(internalGet(DAY_OF_YEAR), amount, min, max);
    long jan0 = cachedFixedDate - internalGet(DAY_OF_YEAR);
    LocalGregorianCalendar.Date d = getCalendarDate(jan0 + value);
    assert getEraIndex(d) == internalGetEra() && d.getYear() == internalGet(YEAR);
    set(MONTH, d.getMonth() - 1);
    set(DAY_OF_MONTH, d.getDayOfMonth());
    return;
      }

        case DAY_OF_WEEK:
      {
    int normalizedYear = jdate.getNormalizedYear();
    if (!isTransitionYear(normalizedYear) && !isTransitionYear(normalizedYear - 1)) {
        // If the week of year is in the same year, we can
        // just change DAY_OF_WEEK.
        int weekOfYear = internalGet(WEEK_OF_YEAR);
        if (weekOfYear > 1 && weekOfYear < 52) {
      set(WEEK_OF_YEAR, internalGet(WEEK_OF_YEAR));
      max = SATURDAY;
      break;
        }
    }

    // We need to handle it in a different way around year
    // boundaries and in the transition year. Note that
    // changing era and year values violates the roll
    // rule: not changing larger calendar fields...
    amount %= 7;
    if (amount == 0) {
        return;
    }
    long fd = cachedFixedDate;
    long dowFirst = jcal.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(fd, getFirstDayOfWeek());
    fd += amount;
    if (fd < dowFirst) {
        fd += 7;
    } else if (fd >= dowFirst + 7) {
        fd -= 7;
    }
    LocalGregorianCalendar.Date d = getCalendarDate(fd);
    set(ERA, getEraIndex(d));
    set(d.getYear(), d.getMonth() - 1, d.getDayOfMonth());
    return;
      }

        case DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH:
            {
    min = 1; // after having normalized, min should be 1.
    if (!isTransitionYear(jdate.getNormalizedYear())) {
        int dom = internalGet(DAY_OF_MONTH);
        int monthLength = jcal.getMonthLength(jdate);
        int lastDays = monthLength % 7;
        max = monthLength / 7;
        int x = (dom - 1) % 7;
        if (x < lastDays) {
      max++;
        }
        set(DAY_OF_WEEK, internalGet(DAY_OF_WEEK));
        break;
    }

    // Transition year handling.
    long fd = cachedFixedDate;
    long month1 = getFixedDateMonth1(jdate, fd);
    int monthLength = actualMonthLength();
    int lastDays = monthLength % 7;
    max = monthLength / 7;
    int x = (int)(fd - month1) % 7;
    if (x < lastDays) {
        max++;
    }
    int value = getRolledValue(internalGet(field), amount, min, max) - 1;
    fd = month1 + value * 7 + x;
    LocalGregorianCalendar.Date d = getCalendarDate(fd);
    set(DAY_OF_MONTH, d.getDayOfMonth());
    return;
            }
  }

  set(field, getRolledValue(internalGet(field), amount, min, max));
    }

    public String getDisplayName(int field, int style, Locale locale) {
  if (!checkDisplayNameParams(field, style, SHORT, LONG, locale,
            ERA_MASK|YEAR_MASK|MONTH_MASK|DAY_OF_WEEK_MASK|AM_PM_MASK)) {
      return null;
  }

  // "GanNen" is supported only in the LONG style.
  if (field == YEAR
      && (style == SHORT || get(YEAR) != 1 || get(ERA) == 0)) {
      return null;
  }

  ResourceBundle rb = LocaleData.getDateFormatData(locale);
  String name = null;
  String key = getKey(field, style);
  if (key != null) {
      String[] strings = rb.getStringArray(key);
      if (field == YEAR) {
    if (strings.length > 0) {
        name = strings[0];
    }
      } else {
    int index = get(field);
    // If the ERA value is out of range for strings, then
    // try to get its name or abbreviation from the Era instance.
    if (field == ERA && index >= strings.length && index < eras.length) {
        Era era = eras[index];
        name = (style == SHORT) ? era.getAbbreviation() : era.getName();
    } else {
        if (field == DAY_OF_WEEK)
      --index;
        name = strings[index];
    }
      }
  }
  return name;
    }

    public Map<String,Integer> getDisplayNames(int field, int style, Locale locale) {
  if (!checkDisplayNameParams(field, style, ALL_STYLES, LONG, locale,
            ERA_MASK|YEAR_MASK|MONTH_MASK|DAY_OF_WEEK_MASK|AM_PM_MASK)) {
      return null;
  }

  if (style == ALL_STYLES) {
      Map<String,Integer> shortNames = getDisplayNamesImpl(field, SHORT, locale);
      if (field == AM_PM) {
    return shortNames;
      }
      Map<String,Integer> longNames = getDisplayNamesImpl(field, LONG, locale);
      if (shortNames == null) {
    return longNames;
      }
      if (longNames != null) {
    shortNames.putAll(longNames);
      }
      return shortNames;
  }

  // SHORT or LONG
  return getDisplayNamesImpl(field, style, locale);
    }

    private Map<String,Integer> getDisplayNamesImpl(int field, int style, Locale locale) {
  ResourceBundle rb = LocaleData.getDateFormatData(locale);
  String key = getKey(field, style);
  Map<String,Integer> map = new HashMap<String,Integer>();
  if (key != null) {
      String[] strings = rb.getStringArray(key);
      if (field == YEAR) {
    if (strings.length > 0) {
        map.put(strings[0], 1);
    }
      } else {
    int base = (field == DAY_OF_WEEK) ? 1 : 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < strings.length; i++) {
        map.put(strings[i], base + i);
    }
    // If strings[] has fewer than eras[], get more names from eras[].
    if (field == ERA && strings.length < eras.length) {
        for (int i = strings.length; i < eras.length; i++) {
      Era era = eras[i];
      String name = (style == SHORT) ? era.getAbbreviation() : era.getName();
      map.put(name, i);
        }
    }
      }
  }
  return map.size() > 0 ? map : null;
    }

    private String getKey(int field, int style) {
  String className = JapaneseImperialCalendar.class.getName();
  StringBuilder key = new StringBuilder();
  switch (field) {
  case ERA:
      key.append(className);
      if (style == SHORT) {
    key.append(".short");
      }
      key.append(".Eras");
      break;

  case YEAR:
      key.append(className).append(".FirstYear");
      break;

  case MONTH:
      key.append(style == SHORT ? "MonthAbbreviations" : "MonthNames");
      break;

  case DAY_OF_WEEK:
      key.append(style == SHORT ? "DayAbbreviations" : "DayNames");
      break;

  case AM_PM:
      key.append("AmPmMarkers");
      break;
  }
  return key.length() > 0 ? key.toString() : null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the minimum value for the given calendar field of this
     * <code>Calendar</code> instance. The minimum value is
     * defined as the smallest value returned by the {@link
     * Calendar#get(int) get} method for any possible time value,
     * taking into consideration the current values of the
     * {@link Calendar#getFirstDayOfWeek() getFirstDayOfWeek},
     * {@link Calendar#getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek},
     * and {@link Calendar#getTimeZone() getTimeZone} methods.
     *
     * @param field the calendar field.
     * @return the minimum value for the given calendar field.
     * @see #getMaximum(int)
     * @see #getGreatestMinimum(int)
     * @see #getLeastMaximum(int)
     * @see #getActualMinimum(int)
     * @see #getActualMaximum(int)
     */
    public int getMinimum(int field) {
        return MIN_VALUES[field];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the maximum value for the given calendar field of this
     * <code>GregorianCalendar</code> instance. The maximum value is
     * defined as the largest value returned by the {@link
     * Calendar#get(int) get} method for any possible time value,
     * taking into consideration the current values of the
     * {@link Calendar#getFirstDayOfWeek() getFirstDayOfWeek},
     * {@link Calendar#getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek},
     * and {@link Calendar#getTimeZone() getTimeZone} methods.
     *
     * @param field the calendar field.
     * @return the maximum value for the given calendar field.
     * @see #getMinimum(int)
     * @see #getGreatestMinimum(int)
     * @see #getLeastMaximum(int)
     * @see #getActualMinimum(int)
     * @see #getActualMaximum(int)
     */
    public int getMaximum(int field) {
  switch (field) {
  case YEAR:
      {
    // The value should depend on the time zone of this calendar.
    LocalGregorianCalendar.Date d = jcal.getCalendarDate(Long.MAX_VALUE,
                     getZone());
    return Math.max(LEAST_MAX_VALUES[YEAR], d.getYear());
      }
  }
        return MAX_VALUES[field];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the highest minimum value for the given calendar field
     * of this <code>GregorianCalendar</code> instance. The highest
     * minimum value is defined as the largest value returned by
     * {@link #getActualMinimum(int)} for any possible time value,
     * taking into consideration the current values of the
     * {@link Calendar#getFirstDayOfWeek() getFirstDayOfWeek},
     * {@link Calendar#getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek},
     * and {@link Calendar#getTimeZone() getTimeZone} methods.
     *
     * @param field the calendar field.
     * @return the highest minimum value for the given calendar field.
     * @see #getMinimum(int)
     * @see #getMaximum(int)
     * @see #getLeastMaximum(int)
     * @see #getActualMinimum(int)
     * @see #getActualMaximum(int)
     */
    public int getGreatestMinimum(int field) {
        return field == YEAR ? 1 : MIN_VALUES[field];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the lowest maximum value for the given calendar field
     * of this <code>GregorianCalendar</code> instance. The lowest
     * maximum value is defined as the smallest value returned by
     * {@link #getActualMaximum(int)} for any possible time value,
     * taking into consideration the current values of the
     * {@link Calendar#getFirstDayOfWeek() getFirstDayOfWeek},
     * {@link Calendar#getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek},
     * and {@link Calendar#getTimeZone() getTimeZone} methods.
     *
     * @param field the calendar field
     * @return the lowest maximum value for the given calendar field.
     * @see #getMinimum(int)
     * @see #getMaximum(int)
     * @see #getGreatestMinimum(int)
     * @see #getActualMinimum(int)
     * @see #getActualMaximum(int)
     */
    public int getLeastMaximum(int field) {
  switch (field) {
  case YEAR:
      {
    return Math.min(LEAST_MAX_VALUES[YEAR], getMaximum(YEAR));
      }
  }
        return LEAST_MAX_VALUES[field];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the minimum value that this calendar field could have,
     * taking into consideration the given time value and the current
     * values of the
     * {@link Calendar#getFirstDayOfWeek() getFirstDayOfWeek},
     * {@link Calendar#getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek},
     * and {@link Calendar#getTimeZone() getTimeZone} methods.
     *
     * @param field the calendar field
     * @return the minimum of the given field for the time value of
     * this <code>JapaneseImperialCalendar</code>
     * @see #getMinimum(int)
     * @see #getMaximum(int)
     * @see #getGreatestMinimum(int)
     * @see #getLeastMaximum(int)
     * @see #getActualMaximum(int)
     */
    public int getActualMinimum(int field) {
  if (!isFieldSet(YEAR_MASK|MONTH_MASK|WEEK_OF_YEAR_MASK, field)) {
      return getMinimum(field);
  }

  int value = 0;
  JapaneseImperialCalendar jc = getNormalizedCalendar();
  // Get a local date which includes time of day and time zone,
  // which are missing in jc.jdate.
  LocalGregorianCalendar.Date jd = jcal.getCalendarDate(jc.getTimeInMillis(),
                    getZone());
  int eraIndex = getEraIndex(jd);
  switch (field) {
  case YEAR:
      {
    if (eraIndex > BEFORE_MEIJI) {
        value = 1;
        long since = eras[eraIndex].getSince(getZone());
        CalendarDate d = jcal.getCalendarDate(since, getZone());
        // Use the same year in jd to take care of leap
        // years. i.e., both jd and d must agree on leap
        // or common years.
        jd.setYear(d.getYear());
        jcal.normalize(jd);
        assert jd.isLeapYear() == d.isLeapYear();
        if (getYearOffsetInMillis(jd) < getYearOffsetInMillis(d)) {
      value++;
        }
    } else {
        value = getMinimum(field);
        CalendarDate d = jcal.getCalendarDate(Long.MIN_VALUE, getZone());
        // Use an equvalent year of d.getYear() if
        // possible. Otherwise, ignore the leap year and
        // common year difference.
        int y = d.getYear();
        if (y > 400) {
      y -= 400;
        }
        jd.setYear(y);
        jcal.normalize(jd);
        if (getYearOffsetInMillis(jd) < getYearOffsetInMillis(d)) {
      value++;
        }
    }
      }
      break;

  case MONTH:
      {
    // In Before Meiji and Meiji, January is the first month.
    if (eraIndex > MEIJI && jd.getYear() == 1) {
        long since = eras[eraIndex].getSince(getZone());
        CalendarDate d = jcal.getCalendarDate(since, getZone());
        value = d.getMonth() - 1;
        if (jd.getDayOfMonth() < d.getDayOfMonth()) {
      value++;
        }
    }
      }
      break;

  case WEEK_OF_YEAR:
      {
    value = 1;
    CalendarDate d = jcal.getCalendarDate(Long.MIN_VALUE, getZone());
    // shift 400 years to avoid underflow
    d.addYear(+400);
    jcal.normalize(d);
    jd.setEra(d.getEra());
    jd.setYear(d.getYear());
    jcal.normalize(jd);

    long jan1 = jcal.getFixedDate(d);
    long fd = jcal.getFixedDate(jd);
    int woy = getWeekNumber(jan1, fd);
    long day1 = fd - (7 * (woy - 1));
    if ((day1 < jan1) ||
        (day1 == jan1 &&
         jd.getTimeOfDay() < d.getTimeOfDay())) {
        value++;
    }
      }
      break;
  }
  return value;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the maximum value that this calendar field could have,
     * taking into consideration the given time value and the current
     * values of the
     * {@link Calendar#getFirstDayOfWeek() getFirstDayOfWeek},
     * {@link Calendar#getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek},
     * and
     * {@link Calendar#getTimeZone() getTimeZone} methods.
     * For example, if the date of this instance is Heisei 16February 1,
     * the actual maximum value of the <code>DAY_OF_MONTH</code> field
     * is 29 because Heisei 16 is a leap year, and if the date of this
     * instance is Heisei 17 February 1, it's 28.
     *
     * @param field the calendar field
     * @return the maximum of the given field for the time value of
     * this <code>JapaneseImperialCalendar</code>
     * @see #getMinimum(int)
     * @see #getMaximum(int)
     * @see #getGreatestMinimum(int)
     * @see #getLeastMaximum(int)
     * @see #getActualMinimum(int)
     */
    public int getActualMaximum(int field) {
  final int fieldsForFixedMax = ERA_MASK|DAY_OF_WEEK_MASK|HOUR_MASK|AM_PM_MASK|
      HOUR_OF_DAY_MASK|MINUTE_MASK|SECOND_MASK|MILLISECOND_MASK|
      ZONE_OFFSET_MASK|DST_OFFSET_MASK;
  if ((fieldsForFixedMax & (1<<field)) != 0) {
      return getMaximum(field);
  }

  JapaneseImperialCalendar jc = getNormalizedCalendar();
  LocalGregorianCalendar.Date date = jc.jdate;
  int normalizedYear = date.getNormalizedYear();

  int value = -1;
        switch (field) {
  case MONTH:
      {
    value = DECEMBER;
    if (isTransitionYear(date.getNormalizedYear())) {
        // TODO: there may be multiple transitions in a year.
        int eraIndex = getEraIndex(date);
        if (date.getYear() != 1) {
      eraIndex++;
      assert eraIndex < eras.length;
        }
        long transition = sinceFixedDates[eraIndex];
        long fd = jc.cachedFixedDate;
        if (fd < transition) {
      LocalGregorianCalendar.Date ldate
          = (LocalGregorianCalendar.Date) date.clone();
      jcal.getCalendarDateFromFixedDate(ldate, transition - 1);
      value = ldate.getMonth() - 1;
        }
    } else {
        LocalGregorianCalendar.Date d = jcal.getCalendarDate(Long.MAX_VALUE,
                   getZone());
        if (date.getEra() == d.getEra() && date.getYear() == d.getYear()) {
      value = d.getMonth() - 1;
        }
    }
      }
      break;

        case DAY_OF_MONTH:
      value = jcal.getMonthLength(date);
      break;

        case DAY_OF_YEAR:
      {
    if (isTransitionYear(date.getNormalizedYear())) {
        // Handle transition year.
        // TODO: there may be multiple transitions in a year.
        int eraIndex = getEraIndex(date);
        if (date.getYear() != 1) {
      eraIndex++;
      assert eraIndex < eras.length;
        }
        long transition = sinceFixedDates[eraIndex];
        long fd = jc.cachedFixedDate;
        CalendarDate d = gcal.newCalendarDate(TimeZone.NO_TIMEZONE);
        d.setDate(date.getNormalizedYear(), BaseCalendar.JANUARY, 1);
        if (fd < transition) {
      value = (int)(transition - gcal.getFixedDate(d));
        } else {
      d.addYear(+1);
      value = (int)(gcal.getFixedDate(d) - transition);
        }
    } else {
        LocalGregorianCalendar.Date d = jcal.getCalendarDate(Long.MAX_VALUE,
                   getZone());
        if (date.getEra() == d.getEra() && date.getYear() == d.getYear()) {
      long fd = jcal.getFixedDate(d);
      long jan1 = getFixedDateJan1(d, fd);
      value = (int)(fd - jan1) + 1;
        } else if (date.getYear() == getMinimum(YEAR)) {
      CalendarDate d1 = jcal.getCalendarDate(Long.MIN_VALUE, getZone());
      long fd1 = jcal.getFixedDate(d1);
      d1.addYear(1);
      d1.setMonth(BaseCalendar.JANUARY).setDayOfMonth(1);
      jcal.normalize(d1);
      long fd2 = jcal.getFixedDate(d1);
      value = (int)(fd2 - fd1);
        } else {
      value = jcal.getYearLength(date);
        }
    }
      }
      break;

        case WEEK_OF_YEAR:
      {
    if (!isTransitionYear(date.getNormalizedYear())) {
        LocalGregorianCalendar.Date jd = jcal.getCalendarDate(Long.MAX_VALUE,
                    getZone());
        if (date.getEra() == jd.getEra() && date.getYear() == jd.getYear()) {
      long fd = jcal.getFixedDate(jd);
      long jan1 = getFixedDateJan1(jd, fd);
      value = getWeekNumber(jan1, fd);
        } else if (date.getEra() == null && date.getYear() == getMinimum(YEAR)) {
      CalendarDate d = jcal.getCalendarDate(Long.MIN_VALUE, getZone());
      // shift 400 years to avoid underflow
      d.addYear(+400);
      jcal.normalize(d);
      jd.setEra(d.getEra());
      jd.setDate(d.getYear() + 1, BaseCalendar.JANUARY, 1);
      jcal.normalize(jd);
      long jan1 = jcal.getFixedDate(d);
      long nextJan1 = jcal.getFixedDate(jd);
      long nextJan1st = jcal.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(nextJan1 + 6,
                    getFirstDayOfWeek());
      int ndays = (int)(nextJan1st - nextJan1);
      if (ndays >= getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()) {
          nextJan1st -= 7;
      }
      value = getWeekNumber(jan1, nextJan1st);
        } else {
      // Get the day of week of January 1 of the year
      CalendarDate d = gcal.newCalendarDate(TimeZone.NO_TIMEZONE);
      d.setDate(date.getNormalizedYear(), BaseCalendar.JANUARY, 1);
      int dayOfWeek = gcal.getDayOfWeek(d);
      // Normalize the day of week with the firstDayOfWeek value
      dayOfWeek -= getFirstDayOfWeek();
      if (dayOfWeek < 0) {
          dayOfWeek += 7;
      }
      value = 52;
      int magic = dayOfWeek + getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() - 1;
      if ((magic == 6) ||
          (date.isLeapYear() && (magic == 5 || magic == 12))) {
          value++;
      }
        }
        break;
    }

    if (jc == this) {
        jc = (JapaneseImperialCalendar) jc.clone();
    }
    int max = getActualMaximum(DAY_OF_YEAR);
    jc.set(DAY_OF_YEAR, max);
    value = jc.get(WEEK_OF_YEAR);
    if (value == 1 && max > 7) {
        jc.add(WEEK_OF_YEAR, -1);
        value = jc.get(WEEK_OF_YEAR);
    }
      }
      break;

        case WEEK_OF_MONTH:
      {
    LocalGregorianCalendar.Date jd = jcal.getCalendarDate(Long.MAX_VALUE,
                      getZone());
    if (!(date.getEra() == jd.getEra() && date.getYear() == jd.getYear())) {
        CalendarDate d = gcal.newCalendarDate(TimeZone.NO_TIMEZONE);
        d.setDate(date.getNormalizedYear(), date.getMonth(), 1);
        int dayOfWeek = gcal.getDayOfWeek(d);
        int monthLength = gcal.getMonthLength(d);
        dayOfWeek -= getFirstDayOfWeek();
        if (dayOfWeek < 0) {
      dayOfWeek += 7;
        }
        int nDaysFirstWeek = 7 - dayOfWeek; // # of days in the first week
        value = 3;
        if (nDaysFirstWeek >= getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()) {
      value++;
        }
        monthLength -= nDaysFirstWeek + 7 * 3;
        if (monthLength > 0) {
      value++;
      if (monthLength > 7) {
          value++;
      }
        }
    } else {
        long fd = jcal.getFixedDate(jd);
        long month1 = fd - jd.getDayOfMonth() + 1;
        value = getWeekNumber(month1, fd);
    }
      }
      break;

        case DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH:
      {
    int ndays, dow1;
    int dow = date.getDayOfWeek();
    BaseCalendar.Date d = (BaseCalendar.Date) date.clone();
    ndays = jcal.getMonthLength(d);
    d.setDayOfMonth(1);
    jcal.normalize(d);
    dow1 = d.getDayOfWeek();
    int x = dow - dow1;
    if (x < 0) {
        x += 7;
    }
    ndays -= x;
    value = (ndays + 6) / 7;
      }
      break;

  case YEAR:
      {
    CalendarDate jd = jcal.getCalendarDate(jc.getTimeInMillis(), getZone());
    CalendarDate d;
    int eraIndex = getEraIndex(date);
    if (eraIndex == eras.length - 1) {
        d = jcal.getCalendarDate(Long.MAX_VALUE, getZone());
        value = d.getYear();
        // Use an equivalent year for the
        // getYearOffsetInMillis call to avoid overflow.
        if (value > 400) {
      jd.setYear(value - 400);
        }
    } else {
        d = jcal.getCalendarDate(eras[eraIndex + 1].getSince(getZone()) - 1,
               getZone());
        value = d.getYear();
        // Use the same year as d.getYear() to be
        // consistent with leap and common years.
        jd.setYear(value);
    }
    jcal.normalize(jd);
    if (getYearOffsetInMillis(jd) > getYearOffsetInMillis(d)) {
        value--;
    }
      }
      break;

  default:
      throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException(field);
  }
  return value;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the millisecond offset from the beginning of the
     * year. In the year for Long.MIN_VALUE, it's a pseudo value
     * beyond the limit. The given CalendarDate object must have been
     * normalized before calling this method.
     */
    private final long getYearOffsetInMillis(CalendarDate date) {
  long t = (jcal.getDayOfYear(date) - 1) * ONE_DAY;
  return t + date.getTimeOfDay() - date.getZoneOffset();
    }

    public Object clone() {
  JapaneseImperialCalendar other = (JapaneseImperialCalendar) super.clone();

  other.jdate = (LocalGregorianCalendar.Date) jdate.clone();
  other.originalFields = null;
  other.zoneOffsets = null;
  return other;
    }

    public TimeZone getTimeZone() {
  TimeZone zone = super.getTimeZone();
  // To share the zone by the CalendarDate
  jdate.setZone(zone);
  return zone;
    }

    public void setTimeZone(TimeZone zone) {
  super.setTimeZone(zone);
  // To share the zone by the CalendarDate
  jdate.setZone(zone);
    }

    /**
     * The fixed date corresponding to jdate. If the value is
     * Long.MIN_VALUE, the fixed date value is unknown.
     */
    transient private long cachedFixedDate = Long.MIN_VALUE;

    /**
     * Converts the time value (millisecond offset from the <a
     * href="Calendar.html#Epoch">Epoch</a>) to calendar field values.
     * The time is <em>not</em>
     * recomputed first; to recompute the time, then the fields, call the
     * <code>complete</code> method.
     *
     * @see Calendar#complete
     */
    protected void computeFields() {
  int mask = 0;
  if (isPartiallyNormalized()) {
      // Determine which calendar fields need to be computed.
      mask = getSetStateFields();
      int fieldMask = ~mask & ALL_FIELDS;
      if (fieldMask != 0 || cachedFixedDate == Long.MIN_VALUE) {
    mask |= computeFields(fieldMask,
              mask & (ZONE_OFFSET_MASK|DST_OFFSET_MASK));
    assert mask == ALL_FIELDS;
      }
  } else {
      // Specify all fields
      mask = ALL_FIELDS;
      computeFields(mask, 0);
  }
  // After computing all the fields, set the field state to `COMPUTED'.
  setFieldsComputed(mask);
    }

    /**
     * This computeFields implements the conversion from UTC
     * (millisecond offset from the Epoch) to calendar
     * field values. fieldMask specifies which fields to change the
     * setting state to COMPUTED, although all fields are set to
     * the correct values. This is required to fix 4685354.
     *
     * @param fieldMask a bit mask to specify which fields to change
     * the setting state.
     * @param tzMask a bit mask to specify which time zone offset
     * fields to be used for time calculations
     * @return a new field mask that indicates what field values have
     * actually been set.
     */
    private int computeFields(int fieldMask, int tzMask) {
  int zoneOffset = 0;
  TimeZone tz = getZone();
  if (zoneOffsets == null) {
      zoneOffsets = new int[2];
  }
  if (tzMask != (ZONE_OFFSET_MASK|DST_OFFSET_MASK)) {
      if (tz instanceof ZoneInfo) {
    zoneOffset = ((ZoneInfo)tz).getOffsets(time, zoneOffsets);
      } else {
    zoneOffset = tz.getOffset(time);
    zoneOffsets[0] = tz.getRawOffset();
    zoneOffsets[1] = zoneOffset - zoneOffsets[0];
      }
  }
  if (tzMask != 0) {
      if (isFieldSet(tzMask, ZONE_OFFSET)) {
    zoneOffsets[0] = internalGet(ZONE_OFFSET);
      }
      if (isFieldSet(tzMask, DST_OFFSET)) {
    zoneOffsets[1] = internalGet(DST_OFFSET);
      }
      zoneOffset = zoneOffsets[0] + zoneOffsets[1];
  }

  // By computing time and zoneOffset separately, we can take
  // the wider range of time+zoneOffset than the previous
  // implementation.
  long fixedDate = zoneOffset / ONE_DAY;
  int timeOfDay = zoneOffset % (int)ONE_DAY;
  fixedDate += time / ONE_DAY;
  timeOfDay += (int) (time % ONE_DAY);
  if (timeOfDay >= ONE_DAY) {
      timeOfDay -= ONE_DAY;
      ++fixedDate;
  } else {
      while (timeOfDay < 0) {
    timeOfDay += ONE_DAY;
    --fixedDate;
      }
  }
  fixedDate += EPOCH_OFFSET;

  // See if we can use jdate to avoid date calculation.
  if (fixedDate != cachedFixedDate || fixedDate < 0) {
      jcal.getCalendarDateFromFixedDate(jdate, fixedDate);
      cachedFixedDate = fixedDate;
  }
  int era = getEraIndex(jdate);
  int year = jdate.getYear();

  // Always set the ERA and YEAR values.
        internalSet(ERA, era);
  internalSet(YEAR, year);
  int mask = fieldMask | (ERA_MASK|YEAR_MASK);

  int month =  jdate.getMonth() - 1; // 0-based
  int dayOfMonth = jdate.getDayOfMonth();

  // Set the basic date fields.
  if ((fieldMask & (MONTH_MASK|DAY_OF_MONTH_MASK|DAY_OF_WEEK_MASK))
      != 0) {
      internalSet(MONTH, month);
      internalSet(DAY_OF_MONTH, dayOfMonth);
      internalSet(DAY_OF_WEEK, jdate.getDayOfWeek());
      mask |= MONTH_MASK|DAY_OF_MONTH_MASK|DAY_OF_WEEK_MASK;
  }

  if ((fieldMask & (HOUR_OF_DAY_MASK|AM_PM_MASK|HOUR_MASK
        |MINUTE_MASK|SECOND_MASK|MILLISECOND_MASK)) != 0) {
      if (timeOfDay != 0) {
    int hours = timeOfDay / ONE_HOUR;
    internalSet(HOUR_OF_DAY, hours);
    internalSet(AM_PM, hours / 12); // Assume AM == 0
    internalSet(HOUR, hours % 12);
    int r = timeOfDay % ONE_HOUR;
    internalSet(MINUTE, r / ONE_MINUTE);
    r %= ONE_MINUTE;
    internalSet(SECOND, r / ONE_SECOND);
    internalSet(MILLISECOND, r % ONE_SECOND);
      } else {
    internalSet(HOUR_OF_DAY, 0);
    internalSet(AM_PM, AM);
    internalSet(HOUR, 0);
    internalSet(MINUTE, 0);
    internalSet(SECOND, 0);
    internalSet(MILLISECOND, 0);
      }
      mask |= (HOUR_OF_DAY_MASK|AM_PM_MASK|HOUR_MASK
         |MINUTE_MASK|SECOND_MASK|MILLISECOND_MASK);
  }

  if ((fieldMask & (ZONE_OFFSET_MASK|DST_OFFSET_MASK)) != 0) {
      internalSet(ZONE_OFFSET, zoneOffsets[0]);
      internalSet(DST_OFFSET, zoneOffsets[1]);
      mask |= (ZONE_OFFSET_MASK|DST_OFFSET_MASK);
  }

  if ((fieldMask & (DAY_OF_YEAR_MASK|WEEK_OF_YEAR_MASK
        |WEEK_OF_MONTH_MASK|DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH_MASK)) != 0) {
      int normalizedYear = jdate.getNormalizedYear();
      // If it's a year of an era transition, we need to handle
      // irregular year boundaries.
      boolean transitionYear = isTransitionYear(jdate.getNormalizedYear());
      int dayOfYear;
      long fixedDateJan1;
      if (transitionYear) {
    fixedDateJan1 = getFixedDateJan1(jdate, fixedDate);
    dayOfYear = (int)(fixedDate - fixedDateJan1) + 1;
      } else if (normalizedYear == MIN_VALUES[YEAR]) {
    CalendarDate dx = jcal.getCalendarDate(Long.MIN_VALUE, getZone());
    fixedDateJan1 = jcal.getFixedDate(dx);
    dayOfYear = (int)(fixedDate - fixedDateJan1) + 1;
      } else {
    dayOfYear = (int) jcal.getDayOfYear(jdate);
    fixedDateJan1 = fixedDate - dayOfYear + 1;
      }
      long fixedDateMonth1 = transitionYear ?
    getFixedDateMonth1(jdate, fixedDate) : fixedDate - dayOfMonth + 1;

      internalSet(DAY_OF_YEAR, dayOfYear);
      internalSet(DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH, (dayOfMonth - 1) / 7 + 1);

      int weekOfYear = getWeekNumber(fixedDateJan1, fixedDate);

      // The spec is to calculate WEEK_OF_YEAR in the
      // ISO8601-style. This creates problems, though.
      if (weekOfYear == 0) {
    // If the date belongs to the last week of the
    // previous year, use the week number of "12/31" of
    // the "previous" year. Again, if the previous year is
    // a transition year, we need to take care of it.
    // Usually the previous day of the first day of a year
    // is December 31, which is not always true in the
    // Japanese imperial calendar system.
    long fixedDec31 = fixedDateJan1 - 1;
    long prevJan1;
    LocalGregorianCalendar.Date d = getCalendarDate(fixedDec31);
    if (!(transitionYear || isTransitionYear(d.getNormalizedYear()))) {
        prevJan1 = fixedDateJan1 - 365;
        if (d.isLeapYear()) {
      --prevJan1;
        }
    } else if (transitionYear) {
        if (jdate.getYear() == 1) {
      // As of Heisei (since Meiji) there's no case
      // that there are multiple transitions in a
      // year.  Historically there was such
      // case. There might be such case again in the
      // future.
      if (era > HEISEI) {
          CalendarDate pd = eras[era - 1].getSinceDate();
          if (normalizedYear == pd.getYear()) {
        d.setMonth(pd.getMonth()).setDayOfMonth(pd.getDayOfMonth());
          }
      } else {
          d.setMonth(jcal.JANUARY).setDayOfMonth(1);
      }
      jcal.normalize(d);
      prevJan1 = jcal.getFixedDate(d);
        } else {
      prevJan1 = fixedDateJan1 - 365;
      if (d.isLeapYear()) {
          --prevJan1;
      }
        }
    } else {
        CalendarDate cd = eras[getEraIndex(jdate)].getSinceDate();
        d.setMonth(cd.getMonth()).setDayOfMonth(cd.getDayOfMonth());
        jcal.normalize(d);
        prevJan1 = jcal.getFixedDate(d);
    }
    weekOfYear = getWeekNumber(prevJan1, fixedDec31);
      } else {
    if (!transitionYear) {
        // Regular years
        if (weekOfYear >= 52) {
      long nextJan1 = fixedDateJan1 + 365;
      if (jdate.isLeapYear()) {
          nextJan1++;
      }
      long nextJan1st = jcal.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(nextJan1 + 6,
                    getFirstDayOfWeek());
      int ndays = (int)(nextJan1st - nextJan1);
      if (ndays >= getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() && fixedDate >= (nextJan1st - 7)) {
          // The first days forms a week in which the date is included.
          weekOfYear = 1;
      }
        }
    } else {
        LocalGregorianCalendar.Date d = (LocalGregorianCalendar.Date) jdate.clone();
        long nextJan1;
        if (jdate.getYear() == 1) {
      d.addYear(+1);
      d.setMonth(jcal.JANUARY).setDayOfMonth(1);
      nextJan1 = jcal.getFixedDate(d);
        } else {
      int nextEraIndex = getEraIndex(d) + 1;
      CalendarDate cd = eras[nextEraIndex].getSinceDate();
      d.setEra(eras[nextEraIndex]);
      d.setDate(1, cd.getMonth(), cd.getDayOfMonth());
      jcal.normalize(d);
      nextJan1 = jcal.getFixedDate(d);
        }
        long nextJan1st = jcal.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(nextJan1 + 6,
                      getFirstDayOfWeek());
        int ndays = (int)(nextJan1st - nextJan1);
        if (ndays >= getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek() && fixedDate >= (nextJan1st - 7)) {
      // The first days forms a week in which the date is included.
      weekOfYear = 1;
        }
    }
      }
      internalSet(WEEK_OF_YEAR, weekOfYear);
      internalSet(WEEK_OF_MONTH, getWeekNumber(fixedDateMonth1, fixedDate));
      mask |= (DAY_OF_YEAR_MASK|WEEK_OF_YEAR_MASK|WEEK_OF_MONTH_MASK|DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH_MASK);
  }
  return mask;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of weeks in a period between fixedDay1 and
     * fixedDate. The getFirstDayOfWeek-getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek rule
     * is applied to calculate the number of weeks.
     *
     * @param fixedDay1 the fixed date of the first day of the period
     * @param fixedDate the fixed date of the last day of the period
     * @return the number of weeks of the given period
     */
    private final int getWeekNumber(long fixedDay1, long fixedDate) {
  // We can always use `jcal' since Julian and Gregorian are the
  // same thing for this calculation.
  long fixedDay1st = jcal.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(fixedDay1 + 6,
                 getFirstDayOfWeek());
  int ndays = (int)(fixedDay1st - fixedDay1);
  assert ndays <= 7;
  if (ndays >= getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()) {
      fixedDay1st -= 7;
  }
  int normalizedDayOfPeriod = (int)(fixedDate - fixedDay1st);
  if (normalizedDayOfPeriod >= 0) {
      return normalizedDayOfPeriod / 7 + 1;
  }
  return CalendarUtils.floorDivide(normalizedDayOfPeriod, 7) + 1;
    }

    /**
     * Converts calendar field values to the time value (millisecond
     * offset from the <a href="Calendar.html#Epoch">Epoch</a>).
     *
     * @exception IllegalArgumentException if any calendar fields are invalid.
     */
    protected void computeTime() {
  // In non-lenient mode, perform brief checking of calendar
  // fields which have been set externally. Through this
  // checking, the field values are stored in originalFields[]
  // to see if any of them are normalized later.
        if (!isLenient()) {
      if (originalFields == null) {
    originalFields = new int[FIELD_COUNT];
      }
      for (int field = 0; field < FIELD_COUNT; field++) {
    int value = internalGet(field);
    if (isExternallySet(field)) {
        // Quick validation for any out of range values
        if (value < getMinimum(field) || value > getMaximum(field)) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(getFieldName(field));
        }
    }
    originalFields[field] = value;
      }
  }

  // Let the super class determine which calendar fields to be
  // used to calculate the time.
  int fieldMask = selectFields();

        int year;
        int era;

  if (isSet(ERA)) {
      era = internalGet(ERA);
      year = isSet(YEAR) ? internalGet(YEAR) : 1;
  } else {
      if (isSet(YEAR)) {
    era = eras.length - 1;
    year = internalGet(YEAR);
      } else {
    // Equivalent to 1970 (Gregorian)
    era = SHOWA;
    year = 45;
      }
  }

        // Calculate the time of day. We rely on the convention that
        // an UNSET field has 0.
        long timeOfDay = 0;
  if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, HOUR_OF_DAY)) {
      timeOfDay += (long) internalGet(HOUR_OF_DAY);
  } else {
      timeOfDay += internalGet(HOUR);
      // The default value of AM_PM is 0 which designates AM.
      if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, AM_PM)) {
    timeOfDay += 12 * internalGet(AM_PM);
      }
        }
        timeOfDay *= 60;
  timeOfDay += internalGet(MINUTE);
        timeOfDay *= 60;
  timeOfDay += internalGet(SECOND);
        timeOfDay *= 1000;
  timeOfDay += internalGet(MILLISECOND);

  // Convert the time of day to the number of days and the
  // millisecond offset from midnight.
  long fixedDate = timeOfDay / ONE_DAY;
  timeOfDay %= ONE_DAY;
  while (timeOfDay < 0) {
      timeOfDay += ONE_DAY;
      --fixedDate;
  }
 
  // Calculate the fixed date since January 1, 1 (Gregorian).
  fixedDate += getFixedDate(era, year, fieldMask);

        // millis represents local wall-clock time in milliseconds.
        long millis = (fixedDate - EPOCH_OFFSET) * ONE_DAY + timeOfDay;

        // Compute the time zone offset and DST offset.  There are two potential
        // ambiguities here.  We'll assume a 2:00 am (wall time) switchover time
        // for discussion purposes here.
        // 1. The transition into DST.  Here, a designated time of 2:00 am - 2:59 am
        //    can be in standard or in DST depending.  However, 2:00 am is an invalid
        //    representation (the representation jumps from 1:59:59 am Std to 3:00:00 am DST).
        //    We assume standard time.
        // 2. The transition out of DST.  Here, a designated time of 1:00 am - 1:59 am
        //    can be in standard or DST.  Both are valid representations (the rep
        //    jumps from 1:59:59 DST to 1:00:00 Std).
        //    Again, we assume standard time.
        // We use the TimeZone object, unless the user has explicitly set the ZONE_OFFSET
        // or DST_OFFSET fields; then we use those fields.
        TimeZone zone = getZone();
  if (zoneOffsets == null) {
      zoneOffsets = new int[2];
  }
  int tzMask = fieldMask & (ZONE_OFFSET_MASK|DST_OFFSET_MASK);
  if (tzMask != (ZONE_OFFSET_MASK|DST_OFFSET_MASK)) {
      if (zone instanceof ZoneInfo) {
    ((ZoneInfo)zone).getOffsetsByWall(millis, zoneOffsets);
      } else {
    zone.getOffsets(millis - zone.getRawOffset(), zoneOffsets);
      }
  }
  if (tzMask != 0) {
      if (isFieldSet(tzMask, ZONE_OFFSET)) {
    zoneOffsets[0] = internalGet(ZONE_OFFSET);
      }
      if (isFieldSet(tzMask, DST_OFFSET)) {
    zoneOffsets[1] = internalGet(DST_OFFSET);
      }
  }

  // Adjust the time zone offset values to get the UTC time.
  millis -= zoneOffsets[0] + zoneOffsets[1];

  // Set this calendar's time in milliseconds
  time = millis;

  int mask = computeFields(fieldMask | getSetStateFields(), tzMask);

  if (!isLenient()) {
      for (int field = 0; field < FIELD_COUNT; field++) {
    if (!isExternallySet(field)) {
        continue;
    }
    if (originalFields[field] != internalGet(field)) {
        int wrongValue = internalGet(field);
        // Restore the original field values
        System.arraycopy(originalFields, 0, fields, 0, fields.length);
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(getFieldName(field) + "=" + wrongValue
                   + ", expected " + originalFields[field]);
    }
      }
  }
  setFieldsNormalized(mask);
    }

    /**
     * Computes the fixed date under either the Gregorian or the
     * Julian calendar, using the given year and the specified calendar fields.
     *
     * @param cal the CalendarSystem to be used for the date calculation
     * @param year the normalized year number, with 0 indicating the
     * year 1 BCE, -1 indicating 2 BCE, etc.
     * @param fieldMask the calendar fields to be used for the date calculation
     * @return the fixed date
     * @see Calendar#selectFields
     */
    private long getFixedDate(int era, int year, int fieldMask) {
  int month = JANUARY;
  int firstDayOfMonth = 1;
  if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, MONTH)) {
            // No need to check if MONTH has been set (no isSet(MONTH)
            // call) since its unset value happens to be JANUARY (0).
      month = internalGet(MONTH);

            // If the month is out of range, adjust it into range.
      if (month > DECEMBER) {
    year += month / 12;
    month %= 12;
      } else if (month < JANUARY) {
                int[] rem = new int[1];
                year += CalendarUtils.floorDivide(month, 12, rem);
                month = rem[0];
            }
  } else {
      if (year == 1 && era != 0) {
    CalendarDate d = eras[era].getSinceDate();
    month = d.getMonth() - 1;
    firstDayOfMonth = d.getDayOfMonth();
      }
  }

  // Adjust the base date if year is the minimum value.
  if (year == MIN_VALUES[YEAR]) {
      CalendarDate dx = jcal.getCalendarDate(Long.MIN_VALUE, getZone());
      int m = dx.getMonth() - 1;
      if (month < m)
    month = m;
      if (month == m)
    firstDayOfMonth = dx.getDayOfMonth();
  }

  LocalGregorianCalendar.Date date = jcal.newCalendarDate(TimeZone.NO_TIMEZONE);
  date.setEra(era > 0 ? eras[era] : null);
  date.setDate(year, month + 1, firstDayOfMonth);
  jcal.normalize(date);

  // Get the fixed date since Jan 1, 1 (Gregorian). We are on
  // the first day of either `month' or January in 'year'.
  long fixedDate = jcal.getFixedDate(date);

  if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, MONTH)) {
      // Month-based calculations
            if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, DAY_OF_MONTH)) {
    // We are on the "first day" of the month (which may
    // not be 1). Just add the offset if DAY_OF_MONTH is
    // set. If the isSet call returns false, that means
    // DAY_OF_MONTH has been selected just because of the
    // selected combination. We don't need to add any
    // since the default value is the "first day".
    if (isSet(DAY_OF_MONTH)) {
        // To avoid underflow with DAY_OF_MONTH-firstDayOfMonth, add
        // DAY_OF_MONTH, then subtract firstDayOfMonth.
        fixedDate += internalGet(DAY_OF_MONTH);
        fixedDate -= firstDayOfMonth;
    }
            } else {
                if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, WEEK_OF_MONTH)) {
        long firstDayOfWeek = jcal.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(fixedDate + 6,
                    getFirstDayOfWeek());
                    // If we have enough days in the first week, then
                    // move to the previous week.
                    if ((firstDayOfWeek - fixedDate) >= getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()) {
      firstDayOfWeek -= 7;
        }
        if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, DAY_OF_WEEK)) {
      firstDayOfWeek = jcal.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(firstDayOfWeek + 6,
                   internalGet(DAY_OF_WEEK));
        }
        // In lenient mode, we treat days of the previous
        // months as a part of the specified
        // WEEK_OF_MONTH. See 4633646.
        fixedDate = firstDayOfWeek + 7 * (internalGet(WEEK_OF_MONTH) - 1);
                } else {
        int dayOfWeek;
        if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, DAY_OF_WEEK)) {
      dayOfWeek = internalGet(DAY_OF_WEEK);
        } else {
      dayOfWeek = getFirstDayOfWeek();
        }
                    // We are basing this on the day-of-week-in-month.  The only
                    // trickiness occurs if the day-of-week-in-month is
                    // negative.
        int dowim;
        if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH)) {
      dowim = internalGet(DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH);
        } else {
      dowim = 1;
        }
        if (dowim >= 0) {
      fixedDate = jcal.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(fixedDate + (7 * dowim) - 1,
                    dayOfWeek);
        } else {
      // Go to the first day of the next week of
      // the specified week boundary.
      int lastDate = monthLength(month, year) + (7 * (dowim + 1));
      // Then, get the day of week date on or before the last date.
      fixedDate = jcal.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(fixedDate + lastDate - 1,
                    dayOfWeek);
                    }
                }
            }
        } else {
      // We are on the first day of the year.
            if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, DAY_OF_YEAR)) {
    if (isTransitionYear(date.getNormalizedYear())) {
        fixedDate = getFixedDateJan1(date, fixedDate);
    }
    // Add the offset, then subtract 1. (Make sure to avoid underflow.)
                fixedDate += internalGet(DAY_OF_YEAR);
    fixedDate--;
            } else {
    long firstDayOfWeek = jcal.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(fixedDate + 6,
                      getFirstDayOfWeek());
    // If we have enough days in the first week, then move
    // to the previous week.
    if ((firstDayOfWeek - fixedDate) >= getMinimalDaysInFirstWeek()) {
        firstDayOfWeek -= 7;
    }
    if (isFieldSet(fieldMask, DAY_OF_WEEK)) {
        int dayOfWeek = internalGet(DAY_OF_WEEK);
        if (dayOfWeek != getFirstDayOfWeek()) {
      firstDayOfWeek = jcal.getDayOfWeekDateOnOrBefore(firstDayOfWeek + 6,
                   dayOfWeek);
        }
    }
    fixedDate = firstDayOfWeek + 7 * ((long)internalGet(WEEK_OF_YEAR) - 1);
            }
        }
        return fixedDate;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the fixed date of the first day of the year (usually
     * January 1) before the specified date.
     *
     * @param date the date for which the first day of the year is
     * calculated. The date has to be in the cut-over year.
     * @param fixedDate the fixed date representation of the date
     */
    private final long getFixedDateJan1(LocalGregorianCalendar.Date date, long fixedDate) {
  Era era = date.getEra();
  if (date.getEra() != null && date.getYear() == 1) {
      for (int eraIndex = getEraIndex(date); eraIndex > 0; eraIndex--) {
    CalendarDate d = eras[eraIndex].getSinceDate();
    long fd = gcal.getFixedDate(d);
    // There might be multiple era transitions in a year.
    if (fd > fixedDate) {
        continue;
    }
    return fd;
      }
  }
  CalendarDate d = gcal.newCalendarDate(TimeZone.NO_TIMEZONE);
  d.setDate(date.getNormalizedYear(), gcal.JANUARY, 1);
  return gcal.getFixedDate(d);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the fixed date of the first date of the month (usually
     * the 1st of the month) before the specified date.
     *
     * @param date the date for which the first day of the month is
     * calculated. The date must be in the era transition year.
     * @param fixedDate the fixed date representation of the date
     */
    private final long getFixedDateMonth1(LocalGregorianCalendar.Date date,
            long fixedDate) {
  int eraIndex = getTransitionEraIndex(date);
  if (eraIndex != -1) {
      long transition = sinceFixedDates[eraIndex];
      // If the given date is on or after the transition date, then
      // return the transition date.
      if (transition <= fixedDate) {
    return transition;
      }
  }

  // Otherwise, we can use the 1st day of the month.
  return fixedDate - date.getDayOfMonth() + 1;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a LocalGregorianCalendar.Date produced from the specified fixed date.
     *
     * @param fd the fixed date
     */
    private static final LocalGregorianCalendar.Date getCalendarDate(long fd) {
  LocalGregorianCalendar.Date d = jcal.newCalendarDate(TimeZone.NO_TIMEZONE);
  jcal.getCalendarDateFromFixedDate(d, fd);
  return d;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the length of the specified month in the specified
     * Gregorian year. The year number must be normalized.
     *
     * @see #isLeapYear(int)
     */
    private final int monthLength(int month, int gregorianYear) {
        return CalendarUtils.isGregorianLeapYear(gregorianYear) ?
      GregorianCalendar.LEAP_MONTH_LENGTH[month] : GregorianCalendar.MONTH_LENGTH[month];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the length of the specified month in the year provided
     * by internalGet(YEAR).
     *
     * @see #isLeapYear(int)
     */
    private final int monthLength(int month) {
  assert jdate.isNormalized();
        return jdate.isLeapYear() ?
      GregorianCalendar.LEAP_MONTH_LENGTH[month] : GregorianCalendar.MONTH_LENGTH[month];
    }

    private final int actualMonthLength() {
  int length = jcal.getMonthLength(jdate);
  int eraIndex = getTransitionEraIndex(jdate);
  if (eraIndex == -1) {
      long transitionFixedDate = sinceFixedDates[eraIndex];
      CalendarDate d = eras[eraIndex].getSinceDate();
      if (transitionFixedDate <= cachedFixedDate) {
    length -= d.getDayOfMonth() - 1;
      } else {
    length = d.getDayOfMonth() - 1;
      }
  }
  return length;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the index to the new era if the given date is in a
     * transition month.  For example, if the give date is Heisei 1
     * (1989) January 20, then the era index for Heisei is
     * returned. Likewise, if the given date is Showa 64 (1989)
     * January 3, then the era index for Heisei is returned. If the
     * given date is not in any transition month, then -1 is returned.
     */
    private static final int getTransitionEraIndex(LocalGregorianCalendar.Date date) {
  int eraIndex = getEraIndex(date);
  CalendarDate transitionDate = eras[eraIndex].getSinceDate();
  if (transitionDate.getYear() == date.getNormalizedYear() &&
      transitionDate.getMonth() == date.getMonth()) {
      return eraIndex;
  }
  if (eraIndex < eras.length - 1) {
      transitionDate = eras[++eraIndex].getSinceDate();
      if (transitionDate.getYear() == date.getNormalizedYear() &&
    transitionDate.getMonth() == date.getMonth()) {
    return eraIndex;
      }
  }
  return -1;
    }

    private final boolean isTransitionYear(int normalizedYear) {
  for (int i = eras.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
      int transitionYear = eras[i].getSinceDate().getYear();
      if (normalizedYear == transitionYear) {
    return true;
      }
      if (normalizedYear > transitionYear) {
    break;
      }
  }
  return false;
    }

    private static final int getEraIndex(LocalGregorianCalendar.Date date) {
  Era era = date.getEra();
  for (int i = eras.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
      if (eras[i] == era) {
    return i;
      }
  }
  return 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns this object if it's normalized (all fields and time are
     * in sync). Otherwise, a cloned object is returned after calling
     * complete() in lenient mode.
     */
    private final JapaneseImperialCalendar getNormalizedCalendar() {
  JapaneseImperialCalendar jc;
  if (isFullyNormalized()) {
      jc = this;
  } else {
      // Create a clone and normalize the calendar fields
      jc = (JapaneseImperialCalendar) this.clone();
      jc.setLenient(true);
      jc.complete();
  }
  return jc;
    }

    /**
     * After adjustments such as add(MONTH), add(YEAR), we don't want the
     * month to jump around.  E.g., we don't want Jan 31 + 1 month to go to Mar
     * 3, we want it to go to Feb 28.  Adjustments which might run into this
     * problem call this method to retain the proper month.
     */
    private final void pinDayOfMonth(LocalGregorianCalendar.Date date) {
  int year = date.getYear();
  int dom = date.getDayOfMonth();
  if (year != getMinimum(YEAR)) {
      date.setDayOfMonth(1);
      jcal.normalize(date);
      int monthLength = jcal.getMonthLength(date);
      if (dom > monthLength) {
    date.setDayOfMonth(monthLength);
      } else {
    date.setDayOfMonth(dom);
      }
      jcal.normalize(date);
  } else {
      LocalGregorianCalendar.Date d = jcal.getCalendarDate(Long.MIN_VALUE, getZone());
      LocalGregorianCalendar.Date realDate = jcal.getCalendarDate(time, getZone());
      long tod = realDate.getTimeOfDay();
      // Use an equivalent year.
      realDate.addYear(+400);
      realDate.setMonth(date.getMonth());
      realDate.setDayOfMonth(1);
      jcal.normalize(realDate);
      int monthLength = jcal.getMonthLength(realDate);
      if (dom > monthLength) {
    realDate.setDayOfMonth(monthLength);
      } else {
    if (dom < d.getDayOfMonth()) {
        realDate.setDayOfMonth(d.getDayOfMonth());
    } else {
        realDate.setDayOfMonth(dom);
    }
      }
      if (realDate.getDayOfMonth() == d.getDayOfMonth() && tod < d.getTimeOfDay()) {
    realDate.setDayOfMonth(Math.min(dom + 1, monthLength));
      }
      // restore the year.
      date.setDate(year, realDate.getMonth(), realDate.getDayOfMonth());
      // Don't normalize date here so as not to cause underflow.
  }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the new value after 'roll'ing the specified value and amount.
     */
    private static final int getRolledValue(int value, int amount, int min, int max) {
  assert value >= min && value <= max;
  int range = max - min + 1;
  amount %= range;
  int n = value + amount;
  if (n > max) {
      n -= range;
  } else if (n < min) {
      n += range;
  }
  assert n >= min && n <= max;
  return n;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the ERA.  We need a special method for this because the
     * default ERA is the current era, but a zero (unset) ERA means before Meiji.
     */
    private final int internalGetEra() {
        return isSet(ERA) ? internalGet(ERA) : eras.length - 1;
    }

    /**
     * Updates internal state.
     */
    private void readObject(ObjectInputStream stream)
      throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
  stream.defaultReadObject();
  if (jdate == null) {
      jdate = jcal.newCalendarDate(getZone());
      cachedFixedDate = Long.MIN_VALUE;
  }
    }
}
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