Package org.hibernate.cfg.annotations.reflection

Source Code of org.hibernate.cfg.annotations.reflection.EJB3OverridenAnnotationReader

package org.hibernate.cfg.annotations.reflection;

import java.beans.Introspector;
import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
import java.lang.reflect.AccessibleObject;
import java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import javax.persistence.AssociationOverride;
import javax.persistence.AssociationOverrides;
import javax.persistence.AttributeOverride;
import javax.persistence.AttributeOverrides;
import javax.persistence.Basic;
import javax.persistence.CascadeType;
import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.ColumnResult;
import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorColumn;
import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorType;
import javax.persistence.DiscriminatorValue;
import javax.persistence.Embeddable;
import javax.persistence.Embedded;
import javax.persistence.EmbeddedId;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.EntityListeners;
import javax.persistence.EntityResult;
import javax.persistence.EnumType;
import javax.persistence.Enumerated;
import javax.persistence.ExcludeDefaultListeners;
import javax.persistence.ExcludeSuperclassListeners;
import javax.persistence.FetchType;
import javax.persistence.FieldResult;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.IdClass;
import javax.persistence.Inheritance;
import javax.persistence.InheritanceType;
import javax.persistence.JoinColumn;
import javax.persistence.JoinColumns;
import javax.persistence.JoinTable;
import javax.persistence.Lob;
import javax.persistence.ManyToMany;
import javax.persistence.ManyToOne;
import javax.persistence.MapKey;
import javax.persistence.MappedSuperclass;
import javax.persistence.NamedNativeQueries;
import javax.persistence.NamedNativeQuery;
import javax.persistence.NamedQueries;
import javax.persistence.NamedQuery;
import javax.persistence.OneToMany;
import javax.persistence.OneToOne;
import javax.persistence.OrderBy;
import javax.persistence.PostLoad;
import javax.persistence.PostPersist;
import javax.persistence.PostRemove;
import javax.persistence.PostUpdate;
import javax.persistence.PrePersist;
import javax.persistence.PreRemove;
import javax.persistence.PreUpdate;
import javax.persistence.PrimaryKeyJoinColumn;
import javax.persistence.PrimaryKeyJoinColumns;
import javax.persistence.QueryHint;
import javax.persistence.SecondaryTable;
import javax.persistence.SecondaryTables;
import javax.persistence.SequenceGenerator;
import javax.persistence.SqlResultSetMapping;
import javax.persistence.SqlResultSetMappings;
import javax.persistence.Table;
import javax.persistence.TableGenerator;
import javax.persistence.Temporal;
import javax.persistence.TemporalType;
import javax.persistence.Transient;
import javax.persistence.UniqueConstraint;
import javax.persistence.Version;

import org.dom4j.Attribute;
import org.dom4j.Element;
import org.hibernate.AnnotationException;
import org.hibernate.annotations.AccessType;
import org.hibernate.annotations.CollectionOfElements;
import org.hibernate.annotations.Columns;
import org.hibernate.annotations.common.annotationfactory.AnnotationDescriptor;
import org.hibernate.annotations.common.annotationfactory.AnnotationFactory;
import org.hibernate.annotations.common.reflection.AnnotationReader;
import org.hibernate.annotations.common.reflection.Filter;
import org.hibernate.annotations.common.reflection.ReflectionUtil;
import org.hibernate.util.ReflectHelper;
import org.hibernate.util.StringHelper;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

/**
* Encapsulates the overriding of Java annotations from an EJB 3.0 descriptor.
*
* @author Paolo Perrotta
* @author Davide Marchignoli
* @author Emmanuel Bernard
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public class EJB3OverridenAnnotationReader implements AnnotationReader {
  private Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger( EJB3OverridenAnnotationReader.class );
  private static final Map<Class, String> annotationToXml;
  private static final String SCHEMA_VALIDATION = "Activate schema validation for more informations";
  private static final Filter FILTER = new Filter() {
    public boolean returnStatic() {
      return false;
    }

    public boolean returnTransient() {
      return false;
    }
  };

  static {
    annotationToXml = new HashMap<Class, String>();
    annotationToXml.put( Entity.class, "entity" );
    annotationToXml.put( MappedSuperclass.class, "mapped-superclass" );
    annotationToXml.put( Embeddable.class, "embeddable" );
    annotationToXml.put( Table.class, "table" );
    annotationToXml.put( SecondaryTable.class, "secondary-table" );
    annotationToXml.put( SecondaryTables.class, "secondary-table" );
    annotationToXml.put( PrimaryKeyJoinColumn.class, "primary-key-join-column" );
    annotationToXml.put( PrimaryKeyJoinColumns.class, "primary-key-join-column" );
    annotationToXml.put( IdClass.class, "id-class" );
    annotationToXml.put( Inheritance.class, "inheritance" );
    annotationToXml.put( DiscriminatorValue.class, "discriminator-value" );
    annotationToXml.put( DiscriminatorColumn.class, "discriminator-column" );
    annotationToXml.put( SequenceGenerator.class, "sequence-generator" );
    annotationToXml.put( TableGenerator.class, "table-generator" );
    annotationToXml.put( NamedQuery.class, "named-query" );
    annotationToXml.put( NamedQueries.class, "named-query" );
    annotationToXml.put( NamedNativeQuery.class, "named-native-query" );
    annotationToXml.put( NamedNativeQueries.class, "named-native-query" );
    annotationToXml.put( SqlResultSetMapping.class, "sql-result-set-mapping" );
    annotationToXml.put( SqlResultSetMappings.class, "sql-result-set-mapping" );
    annotationToXml.put( ExcludeDefaultListeners.class, "exclude-default-listeners" );
    annotationToXml.put( ExcludeSuperclassListeners.class, "exclude-superclass-listeners" );
    annotationToXml.put( AccessType.class, "access" );
    annotationToXml.put( AttributeOverride.class, "attribute-override" );
    annotationToXml.put( AttributeOverrides.class, "attribute-override" );
    annotationToXml.put( AttributeOverride.class, "association-override" );
    annotationToXml.put( AttributeOverrides.class, "association-override" );
    annotationToXml.put( Id.class, "id" );
    annotationToXml.put( EmbeddedId.class, "embedded-id" );
    annotationToXml.put( GeneratedValue.class, "generated-value" );
    annotationToXml.put( Column.class, "column" );
    annotationToXml.put( Columns.class, "column" );
    annotationToXml.put( Temporal.class, "temporal" );
    annotationToXml.put( Lob.class, "lob" );
    annotationToXml.put( Enumerated.class, "enumerated" );
    annotationToXml.put( Version.class, "version" );
    annotationToXml.put( Transient.class, "transient" );
    annotationToXml.put( Basic.class, "basic" );
    annotationToXml.put( Embedded.class, "embedded" );
    annotationToXml.put( ManyToOne.class, "many-to-one" );
    annotationToXml.put( OneToOne.class, "one-to-one" );
    annotationToXml.put( OneToMany.class, "one-to-many" );
    annotationToXml.put( ManyToMany.class, "many-to-many" );
    annotationToXml.put( JoinTable.class, "join-table" );
    annotationToXml.put( JoinColumn.class, "join-column" );
    annotationToXml.put( JoinColumns.class, "join-column" );
    annotationToXml.put( MapKey.class, "map-key" );
    annotationToXml.put( OrderBy.class, "order-by" );
    annotationToXml.put( EntityListeners.class, "entity-listeners" );
    annotationToXml.put( PrePersist.class, "pre-persist" );
    annotationToXml.put( PreRemove.class, "pre-remove" );
    annotationToXml.put( PreUpdate.class, "pre-update" );
    annotationToXml.put( PostPersist.class, "post-persist" );
    annotationToXml.put( PostRemove.class, "post-remove" );
    annotationToXml.put( PostUpdate.class, "post-update" );
    annotationToXml.put( PostLoad.class, "post-load" );
  }

  private XMLContext xmlContext;
  private String className;
  private String propertyName;
  private PropertyType propertyType;
  private transient Annotation[] annotations;
  private transient Map<Class, Annotation> annotationsMap;
  private static final String WORD_SEPARATOR = "-";
  private transient List<Element> elementsForProperty;
  private AccessibleObject mirroredAttribute;
  private final AnnotatedElement element;

  private enum PropertyType {
    PROPERTY,
    FIELD,
    METHOD
  }

  public EJB3OverridenAnnotationReader(AnnotatedElement el, XMLContext xmlContext) {
    this.element = el;
    this.xmlContext = xmlContext;
    if ( el instanceof Class ) {
      Class clazz = (Class) el;
      className = clazz.getName();
    }
    else if ( el instanceof Field ) {
      Field field = (Field) el;
      className = field.getDeclaringClass().getName();
      propertyName = field.getName();
      propertyType = PropertyType.FIELD;
      String expectedGetter = "get" + Character.toUpperCase( propertyName.charAt( 0 ) ) + propertyName.substring(
          1
      );
      try {
        mirroredAttribute = field.getDeclaringClass().getDeclaredMethod( expectedGetter );
      }
      catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
        //no method
      }
    }
    else if ( el instanceof Method ) {
      Method method = (Method) el;
      className = method.getDeclaringClass().getName();
      propertyName = method.getName();
      if ( ReflectionUtil.isProperty(
          method,
          null, //this is yukky!! we'd rather get the TypeEnvironment()
          FILTER
      ) ) {
        if ( propertyName.startsWith( "get" ) ) {
          propertyName = Introspector.decapitalize( propertyName.substring( "get".length() ) );
        }
        else if ( propertyName.startsWith( "is" ) ) {
          propertyName = Introspector.decapitalize( propertyName.substring( "is".length() ) );
        }
        else {
          throw new RuntimeException( "Method " + propertyName + " is not a property getter" );
        }
        propertyType = PropertyType.PROPERTY;
        try {
          mirroredAttribute = method.getDeclaringClass().getDeclaredField( propertyName );
        }
        catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
          //no method
        }
      }
      else {
        propertyType = PropertyType.METHOD;
      }
    }
    else {
      className = null;
      propertyName = null;
    }
  }

  public <T extends Annotation> T getAnnotation(Class<T> annotationType) {
    initAnnotations();
    return (T) annotationsMap.get( annotationType );
  }

  public <T extends Annotation> boolean isAnnotationPresent(Class<T> annotationType) {
    initAnnotations();
    return (T) annotationsMap.get( annotationType ) != null;
  }

  public Annotation[] getAnnotations() {
    initAnnotations();
    return annotations;
  }

  private void initAnnotations() {
    if ( annotations == null ) {
      XMLContext.Default defaults = xmlContext.getDefault( className );
      if ( className != null && propertyName == null ) {
        //is a class
        Element tree = xmlContext.getXMLTree( className, null );
        Annotation[] annotations = getJavaAnnotations();
        List<Annotation> annotationList = new ArrayList<Annotation>( annotations.length + 5 );
        annotationsMap = new HashMap<Class, Annotation>( annotations.length + 5 );
        for (Annotation annotation : annotations) {
          if ( !annotationToXml.containsKey( annotation.annotationType() ) ) {
            //unknown annotations are left over
            annotationList.add( annotation );
          }
        }
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getEntity( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getMappedSuperclass( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getEmbeddable( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getTable( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getSecondaryTables( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getPrimaryKeyJoinColumns( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getIdClass( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getInheritance( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getDiscriminatorValue( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getDiscriminatorColumn( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getSequenceGenerator( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getTableGenerator( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getNamedQueries( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getNamedNativeQueries( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getSqlResultSetMappings( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getExcludeDefaultListeners( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getExcludeSuperclassListeners( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getAccessType( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getAttributeOverrides( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getAssociationOverrides( tree, defaults ) );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, getEntityListeners( tree, defaults ) );
        //FIXME use annotationsMap rather than annotationList this will be faster since the annotation type is usually known at put() time
        this.annotations = annotationList.toArray( new Annotation[annotationList.size()] );
        for (Annotation ann : this.annotations) {
          annotationsMap.put( ann.annotationType(), ann );
        }
        checkForOrphanProperties( tree );
      }
      else if ( className != null ) { //&& propertyName != null ) { //always true but less confusing
        Element tree = xmlContext.getXMLTree( className, propertyName );
        Annotation[] annotations = getJavaAnnotations();
        List<Annotation> annotationList = new ArrayList<Annotation>( annotations.length + 5 );
        annotationsMap = new HashMap<Class, Annotation>( annotations.length + 5 );
        for (Annotation annotation : annotations) {
          if ( !annotationToXml.containsKey( annotation.annotationType() ) ) {
            //unknown annotations are left over
            annotationList.add( annotation );
          }
        }
        preCalculateElementsForProperty( tree );
        Transient transientAnn = getTransient( defaults );
        if ( transientAnn != null ) {
          annotationList.add( transientAnn );
        }
        else {
          if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
            Annotation annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AccessType.class );
            addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
          }
          getId( annotationList, defaults );
          getEmbeddedId( annotationList, defaults );
          getEmbedded( annotationList, defaults );
          getBasic( annotationList, defaults );
          getVersion( annotationList, defaults );
          getAssociation( ManyToOne.class, annotationList, defaults );
          getAssociation( OneToOne.class, annotationList, defaults );
          getAssociation( OneToMany.class, annotationList, defaults );
          getAssociation( ManyToMany.class, annotationList, defaults );
          addIfNotNull( annotationList, getSequenceGenerator( elementsForProperty, defaults ) );
          addIfNotNull( annotationList, getTableGenerator( elementsForProperty, defaults ) );
          addIfNotNull( annotationList, getAttributeOverrides( elementsForProperty, defaults ) );

        }
        processEventAnnotations( annotationList, defaults );
        //FIXME use annotationsMap rather than annotationList this will be faster since the annotation type is usually known at put() time
        this.annotations = annotationList.toArray( new Annotation[annotationList.size()] );
        for (Annotation ann : this.annotations) {
          annotationsMap.put( ann.annotationType(), ann );
        }
      }
      else {
        this.annotations = getJavaAnnotations();
        annotationsMap = new HashMap<Class, Annotation>( annotations.length + 5 );
        for (Annotation ann : this.annotations) {
          annotationsMap.put( ann.annotationType(), ann );
        }
      }
    }
  }

  private void checkForOrphanProperties(Element tree) {
    Class clazz;
    try {
      clazz = ReflectHelper.classForName( className, this.getClass() );
    }
    catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
      return; //a primitive type most likely
    }
    Element element = tree != null ? tree.element( "attributes" ) : null;
    //put entity.attributes elements
    if ( element != null ) {
      //precompute the list of properties
      //TODO is it really useful...
      Set<String> properties = new HashSet<String>();
      for (Field field : clazz.getFields()) {
        properties.add( field.getName() );
      }
      for (Method method : clazz.getMethods()) {
        String name = method.getName();
        if ( name.startsWith( "get" ) ) {
          properties.add( Introspector.decapitalize( name.substring( "get".length() ) ) );
        }
        else if ( name.startsWith( "is" ) ) {
          properties.add( Introspector.decapitalize( name.substring( "is".length() ) ) );
        }
      }
      for (Element subelement : (List<Element>) element.elements()) {
        String propertyName = subelement.attributeValue( "name" );
        if ( !properties.contains( propertyName ) ) {
          log.warn( "Property {} not found in class"
              + " but described in <mapping-file/> (possible typo error)",
              StringHelper.qualify( className, propertyName ) );
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Addes the Annotation to the list (only if it's not null) and then returns it.
   */
  private Annotation addIfNotNull(List<Annotation> annotationList, Annotation element) {
    if ( element != null ) {
      annotationList.add( element );
    }
    return element;
  }

  //TODO mutualize the next 2 methods
  private Annotation getTableGenerator(List<Element> elementsForProperty, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    for (Element element : elementsForProperty) {
      Element subelement = element != null ? element.element( annotationToXml.get( TableGenerator.class ) ) : null;
      if ( subelement != null ) {
        return buildTableGeneratorAnnotation( subelement, defaults );
      }
    }
    if ( elementsForProperty.size() == 0 && defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      return getJavaAnnotation( TableGenerator.class );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }


  private Annotation getSequenceGenerator(List<Element> elementsForProperty, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    for (Element element : elementsForProperty) {
      Element subelement = element != null ? element.element( annotationToXml.get( SequenceGenerator.class ) ) : null;
      if ( subelement != null ) {
        return buildSequenceGeneratorAnnotation( subelement );
      }
    }
    if ( elementsForProperty.size() == 0 && defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      return getJavaAnnotation( SequenceGenerator.class );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private void processEventAnnotations(List<Annotation> annotationList, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    boolean eventElement = false;
    for (Element element : elementsForProperty) {
      String elementName = element.getName();
      if ( "pre-persist".equals( elementName ) ) {
        AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( PrePersist.class );
        annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( ad ) );
        eventElement = true;
      }
      else if ( "pre-remove".equals( elementName ) ) {
        AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( PreRemove.class );
        annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( ad ) );
        eventElement = true;
      }
      else if ( "pre-update".equals( elementName ) ) {
        AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( PreUpdate.class );
        annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( ad ) );
        eventElement = true;
      }
      else if ( "post-persist".equals( elementName ) ) {
        AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( PostPersist.class );
        annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( ad ) );
        eventElement = true;
      }
      else if ( "post-remove".equals( elementName ) ) {
        AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( PostRemove.class );
        annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( ad ) );
        eventElement = true;
      }
      else if ( "post-update".equals( elementName ) ) {
        AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( PostUpdate.class );
        annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( ad ) );
        eventElement = true;
      }
      else if ( "post-load".equals( elementName ) ) {
        AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( PostLoad.class );
        annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( ad ) );
        eventElement = true;
      }
    }
    if ( !eventElement && defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      Annotation ann = getJavaAnnotation( PrePersist.class );
      addIfNotNull( annotationList, ann );
      ann = getJavaAnnotation( PreRemove.class );
      addIfNotNull( annotationList, ann );
      ann = getJavaAnnotation( PreUpdate.class );
      addIfNotNull( annotationList, ann );
      ann = getJavaAnnotation( PostPersist.class );
      addIfNotNull( annotationList, ann );
      ann = getJavaAnnotation( PostRemove.class );
      addIfNotNull( annotationList, ann );
      ann = getJavaAnnotation( PostUpdate.class );
      addIfNotNull( annotationList, ann );
      ann = getJavaAnnotation( PostLoad.class );
      addIfNotNull( annotationList, ann );
    }
  }

  private EntityListeners getEntityListeners(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    Element element = tree != null ? tree.element( "entity-listeners" ) : null;
    if ( element != null ) {
      List<Class> entityListenerClasses = new ArrayList<Class>();
      for (Element subelement : (List<Element>) element.elements( "entity-listener" )) {
        String className = subelement.attributeValue( "class" );
        try {
          entityListenerClasses.add(
              ReflectHelper.classForName(
                  XMLContext.buildSafeClassName( className, defaults ),
                  this.getClass()
              )
          );
        }
        catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
          throw new AnnotationException(
              "Unable to find " + element.getPath() + ".class: " + className, e
          );
        }
      }
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( EntityListeners.class );
      ad.setValue( "value", entityListenerClasses.toArray( new Class[entityListenerClasses.size()] ) );
      return AnnotationFactory.create( ad );
    }
    else if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      return getJavaAnnotation( EntityListeners.class );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private JoinTable overridesDefaultsInJoinTable(Annotation annotation, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    //no element but might have some default or some annotation
    boolean defaultToJoinTable = !( isJavaAnnotationPresent( JoinColumn.class )
        || isJavaAnnotationPresent( JoinColumns.class ) );
    final Class<? extends Annotation> annotationClass = annotation.annotationType();
    defaultToJoinTable = defaultToJoinTable &&
        ( ( annotationClass == ManyToMany.class && StringHelper.isEmpty( ( (ManyToMany) annotation ).mappedBy() ) )
            || ( annotationClass == OneToMany.class && StringHelper.isEmpty( ( (OneToMany) annotation ).mappedBy() ) )
            || ( annotationClass == CollectionOfElements.class )
        );
    final Class<JoinTable> annotationType = JoinTable.class;
    if ( defaultToJoinTable
        && ( StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getCatalog() )
        || StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getSchema() ) ) ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( annotationType );
      if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
        JoinTable table = getJavaAnnotation( annotationType );
        if ( table != null ) {
          ad.setValue( "name", table.name() );
          ad.setValue( "schema", table.schema() );
          ad.setValue( "catalog", table.catalog() );
          ad.setValue( "uniqueConstraints", table.uniqueConstraints() );
          ad.setValue( "joinColumns", table.joinColumns() );
          ad.setValue( "inverseJoinColumns", table.inverseJoinColumns() );
        }
      }
      if ( StringHelper.isEmpty( (String) ad.valueOf( "schema" ) )
          && StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getSchema() ) ) {
        ad.setValue( "schema", defaults.getSchema() );
      }
      if ( StringHelper.isEmpty( (String) ad.valueOf( "catalog" ) )
          && StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getCatalog() ) ) {
        ad.setValue( "catalog", defaults.getCatalog() );
      }
      return AnnotationFactory.create( ad );
    }
    else if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      return getJavaAnnotation( annotationType );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  /*
   * no partial overriding possible
   */
  private void getJoinTable(List<Annotation> annotationList, Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    Element subelement = tree == null ? null : tree.element( "join-table" );
    final Class<JoinTable> annotationType = JoinTable.class;
    if ( subelement != null ) {
      //ignore java annotation, an element is defined
      AnnotationDescriptor annotation = new AnnotationDescriptor( annotationType );
      copyStringAttribute( annotation, subelement, "name", false );
      copyStringAttribute( annotation, subelement, "catalog", false );
      if ( StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getCatalog() )
          && StringHelper.isEmpty( (String) annotation.valueOf( "catalog" ) ) ) {
        annotation.setValue( "catalog", defaults.getCatalog() );
      }
      copyStringAttribute( annotation, subelement, "schema", false );
      if ( StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getSchema() )
          && StringHelper.isEmpty( (String) annotation.valueOf( "schema" ) ) ) {
        annotation.setValue( "schema", defaults.getSchema() );
      }
      buildUniqueConstraints( annotation, subelement );
      annotation.setValue( "joinColumns", getJoinColumns( subelement, false ) );
      annotation.setValue( "inverseJoinColumns", getJoinColumns( subelement, true ) );
      annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( annotation ) );
    }
  }

  private void getAssociation(
      Class<? extends Annotation> annotationType, List<Annotation> annotationList, XMLContext.Default defaults
  ) {
    String xmlName = annotationToXml.get( annotationType );
    for (Element element : elementsForProperty) {
      if ( xmlName.equals( element.getName() ) ) {
        AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( annotationType );
        String className = element.attributeValue( "target-entity" );
        if ( className != null ) {
          Class clazz;
          try {
            clazz = ReflectHelper.classForName(
                XMLContext.buildSafeClassName( className, defaults ),
                this.getClass()
            );
          }
          catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
            throw new AnnotationException(
                "Unable to find " + element.getPath() + "target-entity: " + className, e
            );
          }
          ad.setValue( "targetEntity", clazz );
        }
        getFetchType( ad, element );
        getCascades( ad, element, defaults );
        getJoinTable( annotationList, element, defaults );
        buildJoinColumns( annotationList, element, defaults );
        Annotation annotation = getPrimaryKeyJoinColumns( element, defaults );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        copyBooleanAttribute( ad, element, "optional" );
        copyStringAttribute( ad, element, "mapped-by", false );
        getOrderBy( annotationList, element, defaults );
        getMapKey( annotationList, element, defaults );
        annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( ad ) );
      }
    }
    if ( elementsForProperty.size() == 0 && defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      Annotation annotation = getJavaAnnotation( annotationType );
      if ( annotation != null ) {
        annotationList.add( annotation );
        annotation = overridesDefaultsInJoinTable( annotation, defaults );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( JoinColumn.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( JoinColumns.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( PrimaryKeyJoinColumn.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( PrimaryKeyJoinColumns.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( MapKey.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( OrderBy.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AttributeOverride.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AttributeOverrides.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AssociationOverride.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AssociationOverrides.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Lob.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Enumerated.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Temporal.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Column.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Columns.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
      }
      else if ( isJavaAnnotationPresent( CollectionOfElements.class ) ) {
        annotation = overridesDefaultsInJoinTable( getJavaAnnotation( CollectionOfElements.class ), defaults );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( JoinColumn.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( JoinColumns.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( PrimaryKeyJoinColumn.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( PrimaryKeyJoinColumns.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( MapKey.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( OrderBy.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AttributeOverride.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AttributeOverrides.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AssociationOverride.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AssociationOverrides.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Lob.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Enumerated.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Temporal.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Column.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Columns.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
      }
    }
  }

  private void getOrderBy(List<Annotation> annotationList, Element element, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    Element subelement = element != null ? element.element( "order-by" ) : null;
    if ( subelement != null ) {
      String orderByString = subelement.getTextTrim();
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( OrderBy.class );
      if ( StringHelper.isNotEmpty( orderByString ) ) ad.setValue( "value", orderByString );
      annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( ad ) );
    }
  }

  private void getMapKey(List<Annotation> annotationList, Element element, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    Element subelement = element != null ? element.element( "map-key" ) : null;
    if ( subelement != null ) {
      String mapKeyString = subelement.attributeValue( "name" );
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( MapKey.class );
      if ( StringHelper.isNotEmpty( mapKeyString ) ) ad.setValue( "name", mapKeyString );
      annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( ad ) );
    }
  }

  private void buildJoinColumns(List<Annotation> annotationList, Element element, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    JoinColumn[] joinColumns = getJoinColumns( element, false );
    if ( joinColumns.length > 0 ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( JoinColumns.class );
      ad.setValue( "value", joinColumns );
      annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( ad ) );
    }
  }

  private void getCascades(AnnotationDescriptor ad, Element element, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    List<Element> elements = element != null ? element.elements( "cascade" ) : new ArrayList<Element>( 0 );
    List<CascadeType> cascades = new ArrayList<CascadeType>();
    for (Element subelement : elements) {
      if ( subelement.element( "cascade-all" ) != null ) cascades.add( CascadeType.ALL );
      if ( subelement.element( "cascade-persist" ) != null ) cascades.add( CascadeType.PERSIST );
      if ( subelement.element( "cascade-merge" ) != null ) cascades.add( CascadeType.MERGE );
      if ( subelement.element( "cascade-remove" ) != null ) cascades.add( CascadeType.REMOVE );
      if ( subelement.element( "cascade-refresh" ) != null ) cascades.add( CascadeType.REFRESH );
    }
    if ( Boolean.TRUE.equals( defaults.getCascadePersist() )
        && !cascades.contains( CascadeType.ALL ) && !cascades.contains( CascadeType.PERSIST ) ) {
      cascades.add( CascadeType.PERSIST );
    }
    if ( cascades.size() > 0 ) {
      ad.setValue( "cascade", cascades.toArray( new CascadeType[cascades.size()] ) );
    }
  }

  private void getEmbedded(List<Annotation> annotationList, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    for (Element element : elementsForProperty) {
      if ( "embedded".equals( element.getName() ) ) {
        AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( Embedded.class );
        annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( ad ) );
      }
    }
    if ( elementsForProperty.size() == 0 && defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      Annotation annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Embedded.class );
      if ( annotation != null ) {
        annotationList.add( annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AttributeOverride.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AttributeOverrides.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AssociationOverride.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AssociationOverrides.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
      }
    }
  }

  private Transient getTransient(XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    for (Element element : elementsForProperty) {
      if ( "transient".equals( element.getName() ) ) {
        AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( Transient.class );
        return AnnotationFactory.create( ad );
      }
    }
    if ( elementsForProperty.size() == 0 && defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      return getJavaAnnotation( Transient.class );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private void getVersion(List<Annotation> annotationList, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    for (Element element : elementsForProperty) {
      if ( "version".equals( element.getName() ) ) {
        Annotation annotation = buildColumns( element );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        getTemporal( annotationList, element );
        AnnotationDescriptor basic = new AnnotationDescriptor( Version.class );
        annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( basic ) );
      }
    }
    if ( elementsForProperty.size() == 0 && defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      //we have nothing, so Java annotations might occurs
      Annotation annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Version.class );
      if ( annotation != null ) {
        annotationList.add( annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Column.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Columns.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Temporal.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
      }
    }
  }

  private void getBasic(List<Annotation> annotationList, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    for (Element element : elementsForProperty) {
      if ( "basic".equals( element.getName() ) ) {
        Annotation annotation = buildColumns( element );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        getTemporal( annotationList, element );
        getLob( annotationList, element );
        getEnumerated( annotationList, element );
        AnnotationDescriptor basic = new AnnotationDescriptor( Basic.class );
        getFetchType( basic, element );
        copyBooleanAttribute( basic, element, "optional" );
        annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( basic ) );
      }
    }
    if ( elementsForProperty.size() == 0 && defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      //no annotation presence constraint, basic is the default
      Annotation annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Basic.class );
      addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
      annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Lob.class );
      addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
      annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Enumerated.class );
      addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
      annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Temporal.class );
      addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
      annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Column.class );
      addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
      annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Columns.class );
      addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
      annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AttributeOverride.class );
      addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
      annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AttributeOverrides.class );
      addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
      annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AssociationOverride.class );
      addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
      annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AssociationOverrides.class );
      addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
    }
  }

  private void getEnumerated(List<Annotation> annotationList, Element element) {
    Element subElement = element != null ? element.element( "enumerated" ) : null;
    if ( subElement != null ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( Enumerated.class );
      String enumerated = subElement.getTextTrim();
      if ( "ORDINAL".equalsIgnoreCase( enumerated ) ) {
        ad.setValue( "value", EnumType.ORDINAL );
      }
      else if ( "STRING".equalsIgnoreCase( enumerated ) ) {
        ad.setValue( "value", EnumType.STRING );
      }
      else if ( StringHelper.isNotEmpty( enumerated ) ) {
        throw new AnnotationException( "Unknown EnumType: " + enumerated + ". " + SCHEMA_VALIDATION );
      }
      annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( ad ) );
    }
  }

  private void getLob(List<Annotation> annotationList, Element element) {
    Element subElement = element != null ? element.element( "lob" ) : null;
    if ( subElement != null ) {
      annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( new AnnotationDescriptor( Lob.class ) ) );
    }
  }

  private void getFetchType(AnnotationDescriptor descriptor, Element element) {
    String fetchString = element != null ? element.attributeValue( "fetch" ) : null;
    if ( fetchString != null ) {
      if ( "eager".equalsIgnoreCase( fetchString ) ) {
        descriptor.setValue( "fetch", FetchType.EAGER );
      }
      else if ( "lazy".equalsIgnoreCase( fetchString ) ) {
        descriptor.setValue( "fetch", FetchType.LAZY );
      }
    }
  }

  private void getEmbeddedId(List<Annotation> annotationList, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    for (Element element : elementsForProperty) {
      if ( "embedded-id".equals( element.getName() ) ) {
        if ( isProcessingId( defaults ) ) {
          Annotation annotation = getAttributeOverrides( element, defaults );
          addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
          annotation = getAssociationOverrides( element, defaults );
          addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
          AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( EmbeddedId.class );
          annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( ad ) );
        }
//        else {
//          if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
//            if ( ! properOverridingOnMetadataNonComplete ) {
//              //check that id exists on the other attribute
//              //TODO Id too?
//              if ( mirroredAttribute == null || ! mirroredAttribute.isAnnotationPresent(
//                  EmbeddedId.class
//              ) ) {
//                throw new AnnotationException(
//                    "Cannot override an property with <embedded-id> not having an @EmbeddedId already"
//                );
//              }
//            }
//          }
//        }
      }
    }
    if ( elementsForProperty.size() == 0 && defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      Annotation annotation = getJavaAnnotation( EmbeddedId.class );
      if ( annotation != null ) {
        annotationList.add( annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Column.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Columns.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( GeneratedValue.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Temporal.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( TableGenerator.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( SequenceGenerator.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AttributeOverride.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AttributeOverrides.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AssociationOverride.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AssociationOverrides.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
      }
    }
  }

  private void preCalculateElementsForProperty(Element tree) {
    elementsForProperty = new ArrayList<Element>();
    Element element = tree != null ? tree.element( "attributes" ) : null;
    //put entity.attributes elements
    if ( element != null ) {
      for (Element subelement : (List<Element>) element.elements()) {
        if ( propertyName.equals( subelement.attributeValue( "name" ) ) ) {
          elementsForProperty.add( subelement );
        }
      }
    }
    //add pre-* etc from entity and pure entity listener classes
    if ( tree != null ) {
      for (Element subelement : (List<Element>) tree.elements()) {
        if ( propertyName.equals( subelement.attributeValue( "method-name" ) ) ) {
          elementsForProperty.add( subelement );
        }
      }
    }
  }

  private void getId(List<Annotation> annotationList, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    for (Element element : elementsForProperty) {
      if ( "id".equals( element.getName() ) ) {
        boolean processId = isProcessingId( defaults );
        if ( processId ) {
          Annotation annotation = buildColumns( element );
          addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
          annotation = buildGeneratedValue( element );
          addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
          getTemporal( annotationList, element );
          //FIXME: fix the priority of xml over java for generator names
          annotation = getTableGenerator( element, defaults );
          addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
          annotation = getSequenceGenerator( element, defaults );
          addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
          AnnotationDescriptor id = new AnnotationDescriptor( Id.class );
          annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( id ) );
        }
//        else {
//          if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
//            if ( ! properOverridingOnMetadataNonComplete ) {
//              //check that id exists on the other attribute
//              //TODO EmbeddedId too?
//              if ( mirroredAttribute == null || ! mirroredAttribute.isAnnotationPresent( Id.class ) ) {
//                throw new AnnotationException(
//                    "Cannot override a property with <id> it does not have an @Id already"
//                );
//              }
//            }
//          }
//        }
      }
    }
    if ( elementsForProperty.size() == 0 && defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      Annotation annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Id.class );
      if ( annotation != null ) {
        annotationList.add( annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Column.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Columns.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( GeneratedValue.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( Temporal.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( TableGenerator.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( SequenceGenerator.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AttributeOverride.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AttributeOverrides.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AssociationOverride.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
        annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AssociationOverrides.class );
        addIfNotNull( annotationList, annotation );
      }
    }
  }

  private boolean isProcessingId(XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    boolean isExplicit = defaults.getAccess() != null;
    boolean correctAccess =
        ( PropertyType.PROPERTY.equals( propertyType ) && "property".equals( defaults.getAccess() ) )
            || ( PropertyType.FIELD.equals( propertyType ) && "field".equals( defaults.getAccess() ) );
    boolean hasId = defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations()
        && ( isJavaAnnotationPresent( Id.class ) || isJavaAnnotationPresent( EmbeddedId.class ) );
    //if ( properAccessOnMetadataComplete || properOverridingOnMetadataNonComplete ) {
    boolean mirrorAttributeIsId = defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() &&
        ( mirroredAttribute != null &&
            ( mirroredAttribute.isAnnotationPresent( Id.class )
                || mirroredAttribute.isAnnotationPresent( EmbeddedId.class ) ) );
    boolean propertyIsDefault = PropertyType.PROPERTY.equals( propertyType )
        && !mirrorAttributeIsId;
    return correctAccess || ( !isExplicit && hasId ) || ( !isExplicit && propertyIsDefault );
  }

  private Columns buildColumns(Element element) {
    List<Element> subelements = element.elements( "column" );
    List<Column> columns = new ArrayList<Column>( subelements.size() );
    for (Element subelement : subelements) {
      columns.add( getColumn( subelement, false, element ) );
    }
    if ( columns.size() > 0 ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor columnsDescr = new AnnotationDescriptor( Columns.class );
      columnsDescr.setValue( "columns", columns.toArray( new Column[columns.size()] ) );
      return AnnotationFactory.create( columnsDescr );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private GeneratedValue buildGeneratedValue(Element element) {
    Element subElement = element != null ? element.element( "generated-value" ) : null;
    if ( subElement != null ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( GeneratedValue.class );
      String strategy = subElement.attributeValue( "strategy" );
      if ( "TABLE".equalsIgnoreCase( strategy ) ) {
        ad.setValue( "strategy", GenerationType.TABLE );
      }
      else if ( "SEQUENCE".equalsIgnoreCase( strategy ) ) {
        ad.setValue( "strategy", GenerationType.SEQUENCE );
      }
      else if ( "IDENTITY".equalsIgnoreCase( strategy ) ) {
        ad.setValue( "strategy", GenerationType.IDENTITY );
      }
      else if ( "AUTO".equalsIgnoreCase( strategy ) ) {
        ad.setValue( "strategy", GenerationType.AUTO );
      }
      else if ( StringHelper.isNotEmpty( strategy ) ) {
        throw new AnnotationException( "Unknown GenerationType: " + strategy + ". " + SCHEMA_VALIDATION );
      }
      copyStringAttribute( ad, subElement, "generator", false );
      return AnnotationFactory.create( ad );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private void getTemporal(List<Annotation> annotationList, Element element) {
    Element subElement = element != null ? element.element( "temporal" ) : null;
    if ( subElement != null ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( Temporal.class );
      String temporal = subElement.getTextTrim();
      if ( "DATE".equalsIgnoreCase( temporal ) ) {
        ad.setValue( "value", TemporalType.DATE );
      }
      else if ( "TIME".equalsIgnoreCase( temporal ) ) {
        ad.setValue( "value", TemporalType.TIME );
      }
      else if ( "TIMESTAMP".equalsIgnoreCase( temporal ) ) {
        ad.setValue( "value", TemporalType.TIMESTAMP );
      }
      else if ( StringHelper.isNotEmpty( temporal ) ) {
        throw new AnnotationException( "Unknown TemporalType: " + temporal + ". " + SCHEMA_VALIDATION );
      }
      annotationList.add( AnnotationFactory.create( ad ) );
    }
  }

  private AssociationOverrides getAssociationOverrides(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    List<AssociationOverride> attributes = (List<AssociationOverride>) buildAssociationOverrides( tree );
    if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      AssociationOverride annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AssociationOverride.class );
      addAssociationOverrideIfNeeded( annotation, attributes );
      AssociationOverrides annotations = getJavaAnnotation( AssociationOverrides.class );
      if ( annotations != null ) {
        for (AssociationOverride current : annotations.value()) {
          addAssociationOverrideIfNeeded( current, attributes );
        }
      }
    }
    if ( attributes.size() > 0 ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( AssociationOverrides.class );
      ad.setValue( "value", attributes.toArray( new AssociationOverride[attributes.size()] ) );
      return AnnotationFactory.create( ad );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private List<AssociationOverride> buildAssociationOverrides(Element element) {
    List<Element> subelements = element == null ? null : element.elements( "association-override" );
    List<AssociationOverride> overrides = new ArrayList<AssociationOverride>();
    if ( subelements != null && subelements.size() > 0 ) {
      for (Element current : subelements) {
        AnnotationDescriptor override = new AnnotationDescriptor( AssociationOverride.class );
        copyStringAttribute( override, current, "name", true );
        override.setValue( "joinColumns", getJoinColumns( current, false ) );
        overrides.add( (AssociationOverride) AnnotationFactory.create( override ) );
      }
    }
    return overrides;
  }

  private JoinColumn[] getJoinColumns(Element element, boolean isInverse) {
    List<Element> subelements = element != null ?
        element.elements( isInverse ? "inverse-join-column" : "join-column" ) :
        null;
    List<JoinColumn> joinColumns = new ArrayList<JoinColumn>();
    if ( subelements != null ) {
      for (Element subelement : subelements) {
        AnnotationDescriptor column = new AnnotationDescriptor( JoinColumn.class );
        copyStringAttribute( column, subelement, "name", false );
        copyStringAttribute( column, subelement, "referenced-column-name", false );
        copyBooleanAttribute( column, subelement, "unique" );
        copyBooleanAttribute( column, subelement, "nullable" );
        copyBooleanAttribute( column, subelement, "insertable" );
        copyBooleanAttribute( column, subelement, "updatable" );
        copyStringAttribute( column, subelement, "column-definition", false );
        copyStringAttribute( column, subelement, "table", false );
        joinColumns.add( (JoinColumn) AnnotationFactory.create( column ) );
      }
    }
    return joinColumns.toArray( new JoinColumn[joinColumns.size()] );
  }

  private void addAssociationOverrideIfNeeded(AssociationOverride annotation, List<AssociationOverride> overrides) {
    if ( annotation != null ) {
      String overrideName = annotation.name();
      boolean present = false;
      for (AssociationOverride current : overrides) {
        if ( current.name().equals( overrideName ) ) {
          present = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      if ( !present ) overrides.add( annotation );
    }
  }

  private AttributeOverrides getAttributeOverrides(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    List<AttributeOverride> attributes = buildAttributeOverrides( tree );
    return mergeAttributeOverrides( defaults, attributes );
  }

  private AttributeOverrides getAttributeOverrides(List<Element> elements, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    List<AttributeOverride> attributes = new ArrayList<AttributeOverride>();
    for (Element element : elements) {
      attributes.addAll( buildAttributeOverrides( element ) );
    }
    return mergeAttributeOverrides( defaults, attributes );
  }

  private AttributeOverrides mergeAttributeOverrides(XMLContext.Default defaults,
                             List<AttributeOverride> attributes) {
    if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      AttributeOverride annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AttributeOverride.class );
      addAttributeOverrideIfNeeded( annotation, attributes );
      AttributeOverrides annotations = getJavaAnnotation( AttributeOverrides.class );
      if ( annotations != null ) {
        for (AttributeOverride current : annotations.value()) {
          addAttributeOverrideIfNeeded( current, attributes );
        }
      }
    }
    if ( attributes.size() > 0 ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( AttributeOverrides.class );
      ad.setValue( "value", attributes.toArray( new AttributeOverride[attributes.size()] ) );
      return AnnotationFactory.create( ad );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private List<AttributeOverride> buildAttributeOverrides(Element element) {
    List<Element> subelements = element == null ? null : element.elements( "attribute-override" );
    return buildAttributeOverrides( subelements );
  }

  private List<AttributeOverride> buildAttributeOverrides(List<Element> subelements) {
    List<AttributeOverride> overrides = new ArrayList<AttributeOverride>();
    if ( subelements != null && subelements.size() > 0 ) {
      for (Element current : subelements) {
        if ( !current.getName().equals( "attribute-override" ) ) continue;
        AnnotationDescriptor override = new AnnotationDescriptor( AttributeOverride.class );
        copyStringAttribute( override, current, "name", true );
        Element column = current != null ? current.element( "column" ) : null;
        override.setValue( "column", getColumn( column, true, current ) );
        overrides.add( (AttributeOverride) AnnotationFactory.create( override ) );
      }
    }
    return overrides;
  }

  private Column getColumn(Element element, boolean isMandatory, Element current) {
    //Element subelement = element != null ? element.element( "column" ) : null;
    if ( element != null ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor column = new AnnotationDescriptor( Column.class );
      copyStringAttribute( column, element, "name", false );
      copyBooleanAttribute( column, element, "unique" );
      copyBooleanAttribute( column, element, "nullable" );
      copyBooleanAttribute( column, element, "insertable" );
      copyBooleanAttribute( column, element, "updatable" );
      copyStringAttribute( column, element, "column-definition", false );
      copyStringAttribute( column, element, "table", false );
      copyIntegerAttribute( column, element, "length" );
      copyIntegerAttribute( column, element, "precision" );
      copyIntegerAttribute( column, element, "scale" );
      return (Column) AnnotationFactory.create( column );
    }
    else {
      if ( isMandatory ) {
        throw new AnnotationException( current.getPath() + ".column is mandatory. " + SCHEMA_VALIDATION );
      }
      return null;
    }
  }

  private void addAttributeOverrideIfNeeded(AttributeOverride annotation, List<AttributeOverride> overrides) {
    if ( annotation != null ) {
      String overrideName = annotation.name();
      boolean present = false;
      for (AttributeOverride current : overrides) {
        if ( current.name().equals( overrideName ) ) {
          present = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      if ( !present ) overrides.add( annotation );
    }
  }

  private AccessType getAccessType(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    String access = tree == null ? null : tree.attributeValue( "access" );
    if ( "FIELD".equals( access ) || "PROPERTY".equals( access ) ) {
      access = access.toLowerCase();
    }
    if ( access != null ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( AccessType.class );
      ad.setValue( "value", access );
      return AnnotationFactory.create( ad );
    }
    else if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() && isJavaAnnotationPresent( AccessType.class ) ) {
      AccessType annotation = getJavaAnnotation( AccessType.class );
      return annotation;
    }
    else if ( defaults.getAccess() != null ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( AccessType.class );
      ad.setValue( "value", defaults.getAccess() );
      return AnnotationFactory.create( ad );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private ExcludeSuperclassListeners getExcludeSuperclassListeners(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    return (ExcludeSuperclassListeners) getMarkerAnnotation( ExcludeSuperclassListeners.class, tree, defaults );
  }

  private ExcludeDefaultListeners getExcludeDefaultListeners(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    return (ExcludeDefaultListeners) getMarkerAnnotation( ExcludeDefaultListeners.class, tree, defaults );
  }

  private Annotation getMarkerAnnotation(
      Class<? extends Annotation> clazz, Element element, XMLContext.Default defaults
  ) {
    Element subelement = element == null ? null : element.element( annotationToXml.get( clazz ) );
    if ( subelement != null ) {
      return AnnotationFactory.create( new AnnotationDescriptor( clazz ) );
    }
    else if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      //TODO wonder whether it should be excluded so that user can undone it
      return getJavaAnnotation( clazz );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private SqlResultSetMappings getSqlResultSetMappings(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    List<SqlResultSetMapping> results = (List<SqlResultSetMapping>) buildSqlResultsetMappings( tree, defaults );
    if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      SqlResultSetMapping annotation = getJavaAnnotation( SqlResultSetMapping.class );
      addSqlResultsetMappingIfNeeded( annotation, results );
      SqlResultSetMappings annotations = getJavaAnnotation( SqlResultSetMappings.class );
      if ( annotations != null ) {
        for (SqlResultSetMapping current : annotations.value()) {
          addSqlResultsetMappingIfNeeded( current, results );
        }
      }
    }
    if ( results.size() > 0 ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( SqlResultSetMappings.class );
      ad.setValue( "value", results.toArray( new SqlResultSetMapping[results.size()] ) );
      return AnnotationFactory.create( ad );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  public static List<SqlResultSetMapping> buildSqlResultsetMappings(Element element, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    if ( element == null ) return new ArrayList<SqlResultSetMapping>();
    List resultsetElementList = element.elements( "sql-result-set-mapping" );
    List<SqlResultSetMapping> resultsets = new ArrayList<SqlResultSetMapping>();
    Iterator it = resultsetElementList.listIterator();
    while ( it.hasNext() ) {
      Element subelement = (Element) it.next();
      AnnotationDescriptor ann = new AnnotationDescriptor( SqlResultSetMapping.class );
      copyStringAttribute( ann, subelement, "name", true );
      List<Element> elements = subelement.elements( "entity-result" );
      List<EntityResult> entityResults = new ArrayList<EntityResult>( elements.size() );
      for (Element entityResult : elements) {
        AnnotationDescriptor entityResultDescriptor = new AnnotationDescriptor( EntityResult.class );
        String clazzName = entityResult.attributeValue( "entity-class" );
        if ( clazzName == null ) {
          throw new AnnotationException( "<entity-result> without entity-class. " + SCHEMA_VALIDATION );
        }
        Class clazz = null;
        try {
          clazz = ReflectHelper.classForName(
              XMLContext.buildSafeClassName( clazzName, defaults ),
              EJB3OverridenAnnotationReader.class
          );
        }
        catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
          throw new AnnotationException( "Unable to find entity-class: " + clazzName, e );
        }
        entityResultDescriptor.setValue( "entityClass", clazz );
        copyStringAttribute( entityResultDescriptor, entityResult, "discriminator-column", false );
        List<FieldResult> fieldResults = new ArrayList<FieldResult>();
        for (Element fieldResult : (List<Element>) entityResult.elements( "field-result" )) {
          AnnotationDescriptor fieldResultDescriptor = new AnnotationDescriptor( FieldResult.class );
          copyStringAttribute( fieldResultDescriptor, fieldResult, "name", true );
          copyStringAttribute( fieldResultDescriptor, fieldResult, "column", true );
          fieldResults.add( (FieldResult) AnnotationFactory.create( fieldResultDescriptor ) );
        }
        entityResultDescriptor.setValue(
            "fields", fieldResults.toArray( new FieldResult[fieldResults.size()] )
        );
        entityResults.add( (EntityResult) AnnotationFactory.create( entityResultDescriptor ) );
      }
      ann.setValue( "entities", entityResults.toArray( new EntityResult[entityResults.size()] ) );

      elements = subelement.elements( "column-result" );
      List<ColumnResult> columnResults = new ArrayList<ColumnResult>( elements.size() );
      for (Element columnResult : elements) {
        AnnotationDescriptor columnResultDescriptor = new AnnotationDescriptor( ColumnResult.class );
        copyStringAttribute( columnResultDescriptor, columnResult, "name", true );
        columnResults.add( (ColumnResult) AnnotationFactory.create( columnResultDescriptor ) );
      }
      ann.setValue( "columns", columnResults.toArray( new ColumnResult[columnResults.size()] ) );
      //FIXME there is never such a result-class, get rid of it?
      String clazzName = subelement.attributeValue( "result-class" );
      if ( StringHelper.isNotEmpty( clazzName ) ) {
        Class clazz = null;
        try {
          clazz = ReflectHelper.classForName(
              XMLContext.buildSafeClassName( clazzName, defaults ),
              EJB3OverridenAnnotationReader.class
          );
        }
        catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
          throw new AnnotationException( "Unable to find entity-class: " + clazzName, e );
        }
        ann.setValue( "resultClass", clazz );
      }
      copyStringAttribute( ann, subelement, "result-set-mapping", false );
      resultsets.add( (SqlResultSetMapping) AnnotationFactory.create( ann ) );
    }
    return resultsets;
  }

  private void addSqlResultsetMappingIfNeeded(SqlResultSetMapping annotation, List<SqlResultSetMapping> resultsets) {
    if ( annotation != null ) {
      String resultsetName = annotation.name();
      boolean present = false;
      for (SqlResultSetMapping current : resultsets) {
        if ( current.name().equals( resultsetName ) ) {
          present = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      if ( !present ) resultsets.add( annotation );
    }
  }

  private NamedQueries getNamedQueries(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    //TODO avoid the Proxy Creation (@NamedQueries) when possible
    List<NamedQuery> queries = (List<NamedQuery>) buildNamedQueries( tree, false, defaults );
    if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      NamedQuery annotation = getJavaAnnotation( NamedQuery.class );
      addNamedQueryIfNeeded( annotation, queries );
      NamedQueries annotations = getJavaAnnotation( NamedQueries.class );
      if ( annotations != null ) {
        for (NamedQuery current : annotations.value()) {
          addNamedQueryIfNeeded( current, queries );
        }
      }
    }
    if ( queries.size() > 0 ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( NamedQueries.class );
      ad.setValue( "value", queries.toArray( new NamedQuery[queries.size()] ) );
      return AnnotationFactory.create( ad );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private void addNamedQueryIfNeeded(NamedQuery annotation, List<NamedQuery> queries) {
    if ( annotation != null ) {
      String queryName = annotation.name();
      boolean present = false;
      for (NamedQuery current : queries) {
        if ( current.name().equals( queryName ) ) {
          present = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      if ( !present ) queries.add( annotation );
    }
  }

  private NamedNativeQueries getNamedNativeQueries(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    List<NamedNativeQuery> queries = (List<NamedNativeQuery>) buildNamedQueries( tree, true, defaults );
    if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      NamedNativeQuery annotation = getJavaAnnotation( NamedNativeQuery.class );
      addNamedNativeQueryIfNeeded( annotation, queries );
      NamedNativeQueries annotations = getJavaAnnotation( NamedNativeQueries.class );
      if ( annotations != null ) {
        for (NamedNativeQuery current : annotations.value()) {
          addNamedNativeQueryIfNeeded( current, queries );
        }
      }
    }
    if ( queries.size() > 0 ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( NamedNativeQueries.class );
      ad.setValue( "value", queries.toArray( new NamedNativeQuery[queries.size()] ) );
      return AnnotationFactory.create( ad );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private void addNamedNativeQueryIfNeeded(NamedNativeQuery annotation, List<NamedNativeQuery> queries) {
    if ( annotation != null ) {
      String queryName = annotation.name();
      boolean present = false;
      for (NamedNativeQuery current : queries) {
        if ( current.name().equals( queryName ) ) {
          present = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      if ( !present ) queries.add( annotation );
    }
  }

  public static List buildNamedQueries(Element element, boolean isNative, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    if ( element == null ) return new ArrayList();
    List namedQueryElementList = isNative ?
        element.elements( "named-native-query" ) :
        element.elements( "named-query" );
    List namedQueries = new ArrayList();
    Iterator it = namedQueryElementList.listIterator();
    while ( it.hasNext() ) {
      Element subelement = (Element) it.next();
      AnnotationDescriptor ann = new AnnotationDescriptor(
          isNative ? NamedNativeQuery.class : NamedQuery.class
      );
      copyStringAttribute( ann, subelement, "name", false );
      Element queryElt = subelement.element( "query" );
      if ( queryElt == null ) throw new AnnotationException( "No <query> element found." + SCHEMA_VALIDATION );
      ann.setValue( "query", queryElt.getTextTrim() );
      List<Element> elements = subelement.elements( "hint" );
      List<QueryHint> queryHints = new ArrayList<QueryHint>( elements.size() );
      for (Element hint : elements) {
        AnnotationDescriptor hintDescriptor = new AnnotationDescriptor( QueryHint.class );
        String value = hint.attributeValue( "name" );
        if ( value == null ) throw new AnnotationException( "<hint> without name. " + SCHEMA_VALIDATION );
        hintDescriptor.setValue( "name", value );
        value = hint.attributeValue( "value" );
        if ( value == null ) throw new AnnotationException( "<hint> without value. " + SCHEMA_VALIDATION );
        hintDescriptor.setValue( "value", value );
        queryHints.add( (QueryHint) AnnotationFactory.create( hintDescriptor ) );
      }
      ann.setValue( "hints", queryHints.toArray( new QueryHint[queryHints.size()] ) );
      String clazzName = subelement.attributeValue( "result-class" );
      if ( StringHelper.isNotEmpty( clazzName ) ) {
        Class clazz = null;
        try {
          clazz = ReflectHelper.classForName(
              XMLContext.buildSafeClassName( clazzName, defaults ),
              EJB3OverridenAnnotationReader.class
          );
        }
        catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
          throw new AnnotationException( "Unable to find entity-class: " + clazzName, e );
        }
        ann.setValue( "resultClass", clazz );
      }
      copyStringAttribute( ann, subelement, "result-set-mapping", false );
      namedQueries.add( AnnotationFactory.create( ann ) );
    }
    return namedQueries;
  }

  private TableGenerator getTableGenerator(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    Element element = tree != null ? tree.element( annotationToXml.get( TableGenerator.class ) ) : null;
    if ( element != null ) {
      return buildTableGeneratorAnnotation( element, defaults );
    }
    else if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() && isJavaAnnotationPresent( TableGenerator.class ) ) {
      TableGenerator tableAnn = getJavaAnnotation( TableGenerator.class );
      if ( StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getSchema() )
          || StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getCatalog() ) ) {
        AnnotationDescriptor annotation = new AnnotationDescriptor( TableGenerator.class );
        annotation.setValue( "name", tableAnn.name() );
        annotation.setValue( "table", tableAnn.table() );
        annotation.setValue( "catalog", tableAnn.table() );
        if ( StringHelper.isEmpty( (String) annotation.valueOf( "catalog" ) )
            && StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getCatalog() ) ) {
          annotation.setValue( "catalog", defaults.getCatalog() );
        }
        annotation.setValue( "schema", tableAnn.table() );
        if ( StringHelper.isEmpty( (String) annotation.valueOf( "schema" ) )
            && StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getSchema() ) ) {
          annotation.setValue( "catalog", defaults.getSchema() );
        }
        annotation.setValue( "pkColumnName", tableAnn.pkColumnName() );
        annotation.setValue( "valueColumnName", tableAnn.valueColumnName() );
        annotation.setValue( "pkColumnValue", tableAnn.pkColumnValue() );
        annotation.setValue( "initialValue", tableAnn.initialValue() );
        annotation.setValue( "allocationSize", tableAnn.allocationSize() );
        annotation.setValue( "uniqueConstraints", tableAnn.uniqueConstraints() );
        return AnnotationFactory.create( annotation );
      }
      else {
        return tableAnn;
      }
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  public static TableGenerator buildTableGeneratorAnnotation(Element element, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( TableGenerator.class );
    copyStringAttribute( ad, element, "name", false );
    copyStringAttribute( ad, element, "table", false );
    copyStringAttribute( ad, element, "catalog", false );
    copyStringAttribute( ad, element, "schema", false );
    copyStringAttribute( ad, element, "pk-column-name", false );
    copyStringAttribute( ad, element, "value-column-name", false );
    copyStringAttribute( ad, element, "pk-column-value", false );
    copyIntegerAttribute( ad, element, "initial-value" );
    copyIntegerAttribute( ad, element, "allocation-size" );
    buildUniqueConstraints( ad, element );
    if ( StringHelper.isEmpty( (String) ad.valueOf( "schema" ) )
        && StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getSchema() ) ) {
      ad.setValue( "schema", defaults.getSchema() );
    }
    if ( StringHelper.isEmpty( (String) ad.valueOf( "catalog" ) )
        && StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getCatalog() ) ) {
      ad.setValue( "catalog", defaults.getCatalog() );
    }
    return AnnotationFactory.create( ad );
  }

  private SequenceGenerator getSequenceGenerator(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    Element element = tree != null ? tree.element( annotationToXml.get( SequenceGenerator.class ) ) : null;
    if ( element != null ) {
      return buildSequenceGeneratorAnnotation( element );
    }
    else if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      return getJavaAnnotation( SequenceGenerator.class );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  public static SequenceGenerator buildSequenceGeneratorAnnotation(Element element) {
    if ( element != null ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( SequenceGenerator.class );
      copyStringAttribute( ad, element, "name", false );
      copyStringAttribute( ad, element, "sequence-name", false );
      copyIntegerAttribute( ad, element, "initial-value" );
      copyIntegerAttribute( ad, element, "allocation-size" );
      return AnnotationFactory.create( ad );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private DiscriminatorColumn getDiscriminatorColumn(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    Element element = tree != null ? tree.element( "discriminator-column" ) : null;
    if ( element != null ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( DiscriminatorColumn.class );
      copyStringAttribute( ad, element, "name", false );
      copyStringAttribute( ad, element, "column-definition", false );
      String value = element.attributeValue( "discriminator-type" );
      DiscriminatorType type = DiscriminatorType.STRING;
      if ( value != null ) {
        if ( "STRING".equals( value ) ) {
          type = DiscriminatorType.STRING;
        }
        else if ( "CHAR".equals( value ) ) {
          type = DiscriminatorType.CHAR;
        }
        else if ( "INTEGER".equals( value ) ) {
          type = DiscriminatorType.INTEGER;
        }
        else {
          throw new AnnotationException(
              "Unknown DiscrimiatorType in XML: " + value + " (" + SCHEMA_VALIDATION + ")"
          );
        }
      }
      ad.setValue( "discriminatorType", type );
      copyIntegerAttribute( ad, element, "length" );
      return AnnotationFactory.create( ad );
    }
    else if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      return getJavaAnnotation( DiscriminatorColumn.class );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private DiscriminatorValue getDiscriminatorValue(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    Element element = tree != null ? tree.element( "discriminator-value" ) : null;
    if ( element != null ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( DiscriminatorValue.class );
      copyStringElement( element, ad, "value" );
      return AnnotationFactory.create( ad );
    }
    else if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      return getJavaAnnotation( DiscriminatorValue.class );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private Inheritance getInheritance(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    Element element = tree != null ? tree.element( "inheritance" ) : null;
    if ( element != null ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( Inheritance.class );
      Attribute attr = element.attribute( "strategy" );
      InheritanceType strategy = InheritanceType.SINGLE_TABLE;
      if ( attr != null ) {
        String value = attr.getValue();
        if ( "SINGLE_TABLE".equals( value ) ) {
          strategy = InheritanceType.SINGLE_TABLE;
        }
        else if ( "JOINED".equals( value ) ) {
          strategy = InheritanceType.JOINED;
        }
        else if ( "TABLE_PER_CLASS".equals( value ) ) {
          strategy = InheritanceType.TABLE_PER_CLASS;
        }
        else {
          throw new AnnotationException(
              "Unknown InheritanceType in XML: " + value + " (" + SCHEMA_VALIDATION + ")"
          );
        }
      }
      ad.setValue( "strategy", strategy );
      return AnnotationFactory.create( ad );
    }
    else if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      return getJavaAnnotation( Inheritance.class );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private IdClass getIdClass(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    Element element = tree == null ? null : tree.element( "id-class" );
    if ( element != null ) {
      Attribute attr = element.attribute( "class" );
      if ( attr != null ) {
        AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( IdClass.class );
        Class clazz = null;
        try {
          clazz = ReflectHelper.classForName(
              XMLContext.buildSafeClassName( attr.getValue(), defaults ),
              this.getClass()
          );
        }
        catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
          throw new AnnotationException( "Unable to find id-class: " + attr.getValue(), e );
        }
        ad.setValue( "value", clazz );
        return AnnotationFactory.create( ad );
      }
      else {
        throw new AnnotationException( "id-class without class. " + SCHEMA_VALIDATION );
      }
    }
    else if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      return getJavaAnnotation( IdClass.class );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private PrimaryKeyJoinColumns getPrimaryKeyJoinColumns(Element element, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    PrimaryKeyJoinColumn[] columns = buildPrimaryKeyJoinColumns( element );
    if ( columns.length == 0 && defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      PrimaryKeyJoinColumn annotation = getJavaAnnotation( PrimaryKeyJoinColumn.class );
      if ( annotation != null ) {
        columns = new PrimaryKeyJoinColumn[] { annotation };
      }
      else {
        PrimaryKeyJoinColumns annotations = getJavaAnnotation( PrimaryKeyJoinColumns.class );
        columns = annotations != null ? annotations.value() : columns;
      }
    }
    if ( columns.length > 0 ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor ad = new AnnotationDescriptor( PrimaryKeyJoinColumns.class );
      ad.setValue( "value", columns );
      return AnnotationFactory.create( ad );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private Entity getEntity(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    if ( tree == null ) {
      return defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ? getJavaAnnotation( Entity.class ) : null;
    }
    else {
      if ( "entity".equals( tree.getName() ) ) {
        AnnotationDescriptor entity = new AnnotationDescriptor( Entity.class );
        copyStringAttribute( entity, tree, "name", false );
        if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations()
            && StringHelper.isEmpty( (String) entity.valueOf( "name" ) ) ) {
          Entity javaAnn = getJavaAnnotation( Entity.class );
          if ( javaAnn != null ) entity.setValue( "name", javaAnn.name() );
        }
        return AnnotationFactory.create( entity );
      }
      else {
        return null; //this is not an entity
      }
    }
  }

  private MappedSuperclass getMappedSuperclass(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    if ( tree == null ) {
      return defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ? getJavaAnnotation( MappedSuperclass.class ) : null;
    }
    else {
      if ( "mapped-superclass".equals( tree.getName() ) ) {
        AnnotationDescriptor entity = new AnnotationDescriptor( MappedSuperclass.class );
        return AnnotationFactory.create( entity );
      }
      else {
        return null; //this is not an entity
      }
    }
  }

  private Embeddable getEmbeddable(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    if ( tree == null ) {
      return defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ? getJavaAnnotation( Embeddable.class ) : null;
    }
    else {
      if ( "embeddable".equals( tree.getName() ) ) {
        AnnotationDescriptor entity = new AnnotationDescriptor( Embeddable.class );
        return AnnotationFactory.create( entity );
      }
      else {
        return null; //this is not an entity
      }
    }
  }

  private Table getTable(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    Element subelement = tree == null ? null : tree.element( "table" );
    if ( subelement == null ) {
      //no element but might have some default or some annotation
      if ( StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getCatalog() )
          || StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getSchema() ) ) {
        AnnotationDescriptor annotation = new AnnotationDescriptor( Table.class );
        if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
          Table table = getJavaAnnotation( Table.class );
          if ( table != null ) {
            annotation.setValue( "name", table.name() );
            annotation.setValue( "schema", table.schema() );
            annotation.setValue( "catalog", table.catalog() );
            annotation.setValue( "uniqueConstraints", table.uniqueConstraints() );
          }
        }
        if ( StringHelper.isEmpty( (String) annotation.valueOf( "schema" ) )
            && StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getSchema() ) ) {
          annotation.setValue( "schema", defaults.getSchema() );
        }
        if ( StringHelper.isEmpty( (String) annotation.valueOf( "catalog" ) )
            && StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getCatalog() ) ) {
          annotation.setValue( "catalog", defaults.getCatalog() );
        }
        return AnnotationFactory.create( annotation );
      }
      else if ( defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
        return getJavaAnnotation( Table.class );
      }
      else {
        return null;
      }
    }
    else {
      //ignore java annotation, an element is defined
      AnnotationDescriptor annotation = new AnnotationDescriptor( Table.class );
      copyStringAttribute( annotation, subelement, "name", false );
      copyStringAttribute( annotation, subelement, "catalog", false );
      if ( StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getCatalog() )
          && StringHelper.isEmpty( (String) annotation.valueOf( "catalog" ) ) ) {
        annotation.setValue( "catalog", defaults.getCatalog() );
      }
      copyStringAttribute( annotation, subelement, "schema", false );
      if ( StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getSchema() )
          && StringHelper.isEmpty( (String) annotation.valueOf( "schema" ) ) ) {
        annotation.setValue( "schema", defaults.getSchema() );
      }
      buildUniqueConstraints( annotation, subelement );
      return AnnotationFactory.create( annotation );
    }
  }

  private SecondaryTables getSecondaryTables(Element tree, XMLContext.Default defaults) {
    List<Element> elements = tree == null ?
        new ArrayList<Element>() :
        (List<Element>) tree.elements( "secondary-table" );
    List<SecondaryTable> secondaryTables = new ArrayList<SecondaryTable>( 3 );
    for (Element element : elements) {
      AnnotationDescriptor annotation = new AnnotationDescriptor( SecondaryTable.class );
      copyStringAttribute( annotation, element, "name", false );
      copyStringAttribute( annotation, element, "catalog", false );
      if ( StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getCatalog() )
          && StringHelper.isEmpty( (String) annotation.valueOf( "catalog" ) ) ) {
        annotation.setValue( "catalog", defaults.getCatalog() );
      }
      copyStringAttribute( annotation, element, "schema", false );
      if ( StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getSchema() )
          && StringHelper.isEmpty( (String) annotation.valueOf( "schema" ) ) ) {
        annotation.setValue( "schema", defaults.getSchema() );
      }
      buildUniqueConstraints( annotation, element );
      annotation.setValue( "pkJoinColumns", buildPrimaryKeyJoinColumns( element ) );
      secondaryTables.add( (SecondaryTable) AnnotationFactory.create( annotation ) );
    }
    /*
     * You can't have both secondary table in XML and Java,
     * since there would be no way to "remove" a secondary table
     */
    if ( secondaryTables.size() == 0 && defaults.canUseJavaAnnotations() ) {
      SecondaryTable secTableAnn = getJavaAnnotation( SecondaryTable.class );
      overridesDefaultInSecondaryTable( secTableAnn, defaults, secondaryTables );
      SecondaryTables secTablesAnn = getJavaAnnotation( SecondaryTables.class );
      if ( secTablesAnn != null ) {
        for (SecondaryTable table : secTablesAnn.value()) {
          overridesDefaultInSecondaryTable( table, defaults, secondaryTables );
        }
      }
    }
    if ( secondaryTables.size() > 0 ) {
      AnnotationDescriptor descriptor = new AnnotationDescriptor( SecondaryTables.class );
      descriptor.setValue( "value", secondaryTables.toArray( new SecondaryTable[secondaryTables.size()] ) );
      return AnnotationFactory.create( descriptor );
    }
    else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private void overridesDefaultInSecondaryTable(
      SecondaryTable secTableAnn, XMLContext.Default defaults, List<SecondaryTable> secondaryTables
  ) {
    if ( secTableAnn != null ) {
      //handle default values
      if ( StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getCatalog() )
          || StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getSchema() ) ) {
        AnnotationDescriptor annotation = new AnnotationDescriptor( SecondaryTable.class );
        annotation.setValue( "name", secTableAnn.name() );
        annotation.setValue( "schema", secTableAnn.schema() );
        annotation.setValue( "catalog", secTableAnn.catalog() );
        annotation.setValue( "uniqueConstraints", secTableAnn.uniqueConstraints() );
        annotation.setValue( "pkJoinColumns", secTableAnn.pkJoinColumns() );
        if ( StringHelper.isEmpty( (String) annotation.valueOf( "schema" ) )
            && StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getSchema() ) ) {
          annotation.setValue( "schema", defaults.getSchema() );
        }
        if ( StringHelper.isEmpty( (String) annotation.valueOf( "catalog" ) )
            && StringHelper.isNotEmpty( defaults.getCatalog() ) ) {
          annotation.setValue( "catalog", defaults.getCatalog() );
        }
        secondaryTables.add( (SecondaryTable) AnnotationFactory.create( annotation ) );
      }
      else {
        secondaryTables.add( secTableAnn );
      }
    }
  }

  private static void buildUniqueConstraints(AnnotationDescriptor annotation, Element element) {
    List uniqueConstraintElementList = element.elements( "unique-constraint" );
    UniqueConstraint[] uniqueConstraints = new UniqueConstraint[uniqueConstraintElementList.size()];
    int ucIndex = 0;
    Iterator ucIt = uniqueConstraintElementList.listIterator();
    while ( ucIt.hasNext() ) {
      Element subelement = (Element) ucIt.next();
      List<Element> columnNamesElements = subelement.elements( "column-name" );
      String[] columnNames = new String[columnNamesElements.size()];
      int columnNameIndex = 0;
      Iterator it = columnNamesElements.listIterator();
      while ( it.hasNext() ) {
        Element columnNameElt = (Element) it.next();
        columnNames[columnNameIndex++] = columnNameElt.getTextTrim();
      }
      AnnotationDescriptor ucAnn = new AnnotationDescriptor( UniqueConstraint.class );
      ucAnn.setValue( "columnNames", columnNames );
      uniqueConstraints[ucIndex++] = AnnotationFactory.create( ucAnn );
    }
    annotation.setValue( "uniqueConstraints", uniqueConstraints );
  }

  private PrimaryKeyJoinColumn[] buildPrimaryKeyJoinColumns(Element element) {
    if ( element == null ) return new PrimaryKeyJoinColumn[] { };
    List pkJoinColumnElementList = element.elements( "primary-key-join-column" );
    PrimaryKeyJoinColumn[] pkJoinColumns = new PrimaryKeyJoinColumn[pkJoinColumnElementList.size()];
    int index = 0;
    Iterator pkIt = pkJoinColumnElementList.listIterator();
    while ( pkIt.hasNext() ) {
      Element subelement = (Element) pkIt.next();
      AnnotationDescriptor pkAnn = new AnnotationDescriptor( PrimaryKeyJoinColumn.class );
      copyStringAttribute( pkAnn, subelement, "name", false );
      copyStringAttribute( pkAnn, subelement, "referenced-column-name", false );
      copyStringAttribute( pkAnn, subelement, "column-definition", false );
      pkJoinColumns[index++] = AnnotationFactory.create( pkAnn );
    }
    return pkJoinColumns;
  }

  private static void copyStringAttribute(
      AnnotationDescriptor annotation, Element element, String attributeName, boolean mandatory
  ) {
    String attribute = element.attributeValue( attributeName );
    if ( attribute != null ) {
      String annotationAttributeName = getJavaAttributeNameFromXMLOne( attributeName );
      annotation.setValue( annotationAttributeName, attribute );
    }
    else {
      if ( mandatory ) {
        throw new AnnotationException(
            element.getName() + "." + attributeName + " is mandatory in XML overring. " + SCHEMA_VALIDATION
        );
      }
    }
  }

  private static void copyIntegerAttribute(AnnotationDescriptor annotation, Element element, String attributeName) {
    String attribute = element.attributeValue( attributeName );
    if ( attribute != null ) {
      String annotationAttributeName = getJavaAttributeNameFromXMLOne( attributeName );
      annotation.setValue( annotationAttributeName, attribute );
      try {
        int length = Integer.parseInt( attribute );
        annotation.setValue( annotationAttributeName, length );
      }
      catch (NumberFormatException e) {
        throw new AnnotationException(
            element.getPath() + attributeName + " not parseable: " + attribute + " (" + SCHEMA_VALIDATION + ")"
        );
      }
    }
  }

  private static String getJavaAttributeNameFromXMLOne(String attributeName) {
    StringBuilder annotationAttributeName = new StringBuilder( attributeName );
    int index = annotationAttributeName.indexOf( WORD_SEPARATOR );
    while ( index != -1 ) {
      annotationAttributeName.deleteCharAt( index );
      annotationAttributeName.setCharAt(
          index, Character.toUpperCase( annotationAttributeName.charAt( index ) )
      );
      index = annotationAttributeName.indexOf( WORD_SEPARATOR );
    }
    return annotationAttributeName.toString();
  }

  private static void copyStringElement(Element element, AnnotationDescriptor ad, String annotationAttribute) {
    String discr = element.getTextTrim();
    ad.setValue( annotationAttribute, discr );
  }

  private static void copyBooleanAttribute(AnnotationDescriptor descriptor, Element element, String attribute) {
    String attributeValue = element.attributeValue( attribute );
    if ( StringHelper.isNotEmpty( attributeValue ) ) {
      String javaAttribute = getJavaAttributeNameFromXMLOne( attribute );
      descriptor.setValue( javaAttribute, Boolean.parseBoolean( attributeValue ) );
    }
  }

  private <T extends Annotation> T getJavaAnnotation(Class<T> annotationType) {
    return element.getAnnotation( annotationType );
  }

  private <T extends Annotation> boolean isJavaAnnotationPresent(Class<T> annotationType) {
    return element.isAnnotationPresent( annotationType );
  }

  private Annotation[] getJavaAnnotations() {
    return element.getAnnotations();
  }
}
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