Examples of java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter

java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter

Formatter for printing and parsing date-time objects.

This class provides the main application entry point for printing and parsing and provides common implementations of {@code DateTimeFormatter}:

Using predefined constants, such as {@link #ISO_LOCAL_DATE}
Using pattern letters, such as {@code uuuu-MMM-dd}
Using localized styles, such as {@code long} or {@code medium}

More complex formatters are provided by {@link DateTimeFormatterBuilder DateTimeFormatterBuilder}.

The main date-time classes provide two methods - one for formatting, {@code format(DateTimeFormatter formatter)}, and one for parsing, {@code parse(CharSequence text, DateTimeFormatter formatter)}.

For example:

 String text = date.toString(formatter); LocalDate date = LocalDate.parse(text, formatter);

In addition to the format, formatters can be created with desired Locale, Chronology, ZoneId, and DecimalStyle.

The {@link #withLocale withLocale} method returns a new formatter thatoverrides the locale. The locale affects some aspects of formatting and parsing. For example, the {@link #ofLocalizedDate ofLocalizedDate} provides aformatter that uses the locale specific date format.

The {@link #withChronology withChronology} method returns a new formatterthat overrides the chronology. If overridden, the date-time value is converted to the chronology before formatting. During parsing the date-time value is converted to the chronology before it is returned.

The {@link #withZone withZone} method returns a new formatter that overridesthe zone. If overridden, the date-time value is converted to a ZonedDateTime with the requested ZoneId before formatting. During parsing the ZoneId is applied before the value is returned.

The {@link #withDecimalStyle withDecimalStyle} method returns a new formatter thatoverrides the {@link DecimalStyle}. The DecimalStyle symbols are used for formatting and parsing.

Some applications may need to use the older {@link Format java.text.Format}class for formatting. The {@link #toFormat()} method returns animplementation of {@code java.text.Format}.

Predefined Formatters

Formatter	Description	Example
{@link #ofLocalizedDate ofLocalizedDate(dateStyle)}	Formatter with date style from the locale	'2011-12-03'
{@link #ofLocalizedTime ofLocalizedTime(timeStyle)}	Formatter with time style from the locale	'10:15:30'
{@link #ofLocalizedDateTime ofLocalizedDateTime(dateTimeStyle)}	Formatter with a style for date and time from the locale	'3 Jun 2008 11:05:30'
{@link #ofLocalizedDateTime ofLocalizedDateTime(dateStyle,timeStyle)}	Formatter with date and time styles from the locale	'3 Jun 2008 11:05'
{@link #BASIC_ISO_DATE}	Basic ISO date	'20111203'
{@link #ISO_LOCAL_DATE}	ISO Local Date	'2011-12-03'
{@link #ISO_OFFSET_DATE}	ISO Date with offset	'2011-12-03+01:00'
{@link #ISO_DATE}	ISO Date with or without offset	'2011-12-03+01:00'; '2011-12-03'
{@link #ISO_LOCAL_TIME}	Time without offset	'10:15:30'
{@link #ISO_OFFSET_TIME}	Time with offset	'10:15:30+01:00'
{@link #ISO_TIME}	Time with or without offset	'10:15:30+01:00'; '10:15:30'
{@link #ISO_LOCAL_DATE_TIME}	ISO Local Date and Time	'2011-12-03T10:15:30'
{@link #ISO_OFFSET_DATE_TIME}	Date Time with Offset	2011-12-03T10:15:30+01:00'
{@link #ISO_ZONED_DATE_TIME}	Zoned Date Time	'2011-12-03T10:15:30+01:00[Europe/Paris]'
{@link #ISO_DATE_TIME}	Date and time with ZoneId	'2011-12-03T10:15:30+01:00[Europe/Paris]'
{@link #ISO_ORDINAL_DATE}	Year and day of year	'2012-337'
{@link #ISO_WEEK_DATE}	Year and Week	2012-W48-6'
{@link #ISO_INSTANT}	Date and Time of an Instant	'2011-12-03T10:15:30Z'
{@link #RFC_1123_DATE_TIME}	RFC 1123 / RFC 822	'Tue, 3 Jun 2008 11:05:30 GMT'

Patterns for Formatting and Parsing

Patterns are based on a simple sequence of letters and symbols. A pattern is used to create a Formatter using the {@link #ofPattern(String)} and {@link #ofPattern(String,Locale)} methods.For example, {@code "d MMM uuuu"} will format 2011-12-03 as '3 Dec 2011'.A formatter created from a pattern can be used as many times as necessary, it is immutable and is thread-safe.

For example:

 DateTimeFormatter formatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy MM dd"); String text = date.toString(formatter); LocalDate date = LocalDate.parse(text, formatter);

All letters 'A' to 'Z' and 'a' to 'z' are reserved as pattern letters. The following pattern letters are defined:

 Symbol  Meaning                     Presentation      Examples ------  -------                     ------------      ------- G       era                         text              AD; Anno Domini; A u       year                        year              2004; 04 y       year-of-era                 year              2004; 04 D       day-of-year                 number            189 M/L     month-of-year               number/text       7; 07; Jul; July; J d       day-of-month                number            10 Q/q     quarter-of-year             number/text       3; 03; Q3; 3rd quarter Y       week-based-year             year              1996; 96 w       week-of-week-based-year     number            27 W       week-of-month               number            4 E       day-of-week                 text              Tue; Tuesday; T e/c     localized day-of-week       number/text       2; 02; Tue; Tuesday; T F       week-of-month               number            3 a       am-pm-of-day                text              PM h       clock-hour-of-am-pm (1-12)  number            12 K       hour-of-am-pm (0-11)        number            0 k       clock-hour-of-am-pm (1-24)  number            0 H       hour-of-day (0-23)          number            0 m       minute-of-hour              number            30 s       second-of-minute            number            55 S       fraction-of-second          fraction          978 A       milli-of-day                number            1234 n       nano-of-second              number            987654321 N       nano-of-day                 number            1234000000 V       time-zone ID                zone-id           America/Los_Angeles; Z; -08:30 z       time-zone name              zone-name         Pacific Standard Time; PST O       localized zone-offset       offset-O          GMT+8; GMT+08:00; UTC-08:00; X       zone-offset 'Z' for zero    offset-X          Z; -08; -0830; -08:30; -083015; -08:30:15; x       zone-offset                 offset-x          +0000; -08; -0830; -08:30; -083015; -08:30:15; Z       zone-offset                 offset-Z          +0000; -0800; -08:00; p       pad next                    pad modifier      1 '       escape for text             delimiter ''      single quote                literal           ' [       optional section start ]       optional section end #       reserved for future use {       reserved for future use }       reserved for future use

The count of pattern letters determines the format.

Text: The text style is determined based on the number of pattern letters used. Less than 4 pattern letters will use the {@link TextStyle#SHORT short form}. Exactly 4 pattern letters will use the {@link TextStyle#FULL full form}. Exactly 5 pattern letters will use the {@link TextStyle#NARROW narrow form}. Pattern letters 'L', 'c', and 'q' specify the stand-alone form of the text styles.

Number: If the count of letters is one, then the value is output using the minimum number of digits and without padding. Otherwise, the count of digits is used as the width of the output field, with the value zero-padded as necessary. The following pattern letters have constraints on the count of letters. Only one letter of 'c' and 'F' can be specified. Up to two letters of 'd', 'H', 'h', 'K', 'k', 'm', and 's' can be specified. Up to three letters of 'D' can be specified.

Number/Text: If the count of pattern letters is 3 or greater, use the Text rules above. Otherwise use the Number rules above.

Fraction: Outputs the nano-of-second field as a fraction-of-second. The nano-of-second value has nine digits, thus the count of pattern letters is from 1 to 9. If it is less than 9, then the nano-of-second value is truncated, with only the most significant digits being output.

Year: The count of letters determines the minimum field width below which padding is used. If the count of letters is two, then a {@link DateTimeFormatterBuilder#appendValueReduced reduced} two digit form isused. For printing, this outputs the rightmost two digits. For parsing, this will parse using the base value of 2000, resulting in a year within the range 2000 to 2099 inclusive. If the count of letters is less than four (but not two), then the sign is only output for negative years as per {@link SignStyle#NORMAL}. Otherwise, the sign is output if the pad width is exceeded, as per {@link SignStyle#EXCEEDS_PAD}.

ZoneId: This outputs the time-zone ID, such as 'Europe/Paris'. If the count of letters is two, then the time-zone ID is output. Any other count of letters throws {@code IllegalArgumentException}.

Zone names: This outputs the display name of the time-zone ID. If the count of letters is one, two or three, then the short name is output. If the count of letters is four, then the full name is output. Five or more letters throws {@code IllegalArgumentException}.

Offset X and x: This formats the offset based on the number of pattern letters. One letter outputs just the hour, such as '+01', unless the minute is non-zero in which case the minute is also output, such as '+0130'. Two letters outputs the hour and minute, without a colon, such as '+0130'. Three letters outputs the hour and minute, with a colon, such as '+01:30'. Four letters outputs the hour and minute and optional second, without a colon, such as '+013015'. Five letters outputs the hour and minute and optional second, with a colon, such as '+01:30:15'. Six or more letters throws {@code IllegalArgumentException}. Pattern letter 'X' (upper case) will output 'Z' when the offset to be output would be zero, whereas pattern letter 'x' (lower case) will output '+00', '+0000', or '+00:00'.

Offset O: This formats the localized offset based on the number of pattern letters. One letter outputs the {@linkplain TextStyle#SHORT short}form of the localized offset, which is localized offset text, such as 'GMT', with hour without leading zero, optional 2-digit minute and second if non-zero, and colon, for example 'GMT+8'. Four letters outputs the {@linkplain TextStyle#FULL full} form, which is localized offset text,such as 'GMT, with 2-digit hour and minute field, optional second field if non-zero, and colon, for example 'GMT+08:00'. Any other count of letters throws {@code IllegalArgumentException}.

Offset Z: This formats the offset based on the number of pattern letters. One, two or three letters outputs the hour and minute, without a colon, such as '+0130'. The output will be '+0000' when the offset is zero. Four letters outputs the {@linkplain TextStyle#FULL full} form of localizedoffset, equivalent to four letters of Offset-O. The output will be the corresponding localized offset text if the offset is zero. Five letters outputs the hour, minute, with optional second if non-zero, with colon. It outputs 'Z' if the offset is zero. Six or more letters throws {@code IllegalArgumentException}.

Optional section: The optional section markers work exactly like calling {@link DateTimeFormatterBuilder#optionalStart()} and{@link DateTimeFormatterBuilder#optionalEnd()}.

Pad modifier: Modifies the pattern that immediately follows to be padded with spaces. The pad width is determined by the number of pattern letters. This is the same as calling {@link DateTimeFormatterBuilder#padNext(int)}.

For example, 'ppH' outputs the hour-of-day padded on the left with spaces to a width of 2.

Any unrecognized letter is an error. Any non-letter character, other than '[', ']', '{', '}', '#' and the single quote will be output directly. Despite this, it is recommended to use single quotes around all characters that you want to output directly to ensure that future changes do not break your application.

Resolving

Parsing is implemented as a two-phase operation. First, the text is parsed using the layout defined by the formatter, producing a {@code Map} of field to value, a {@code ZoneId} and a {@code Chronology}. Second, the parsed data is resolved, by validating, combining and simplifying the various fields into more useful ones.

Five parsing methods are supplied by this class. Four of these perform both the parse and resolve phases. The fifth method, {@link #parseUnresolved(CharSequence,ParsePosition)}, only performs the first phase, leaving the result unresolved. As such, it is essentially a low-level operation.

The resolve phase is controlled by two parameters, set on this class.

The {@link ResolverStyle} is an enum that offers three different approaches,strict, smart and lenient. The smart option is the default. It can be set using {@link #withResolverStyle(ResolverStyle)}.

The {@link #withResolverFields(TemporalField)} parameter allows theset of fields that will be resolved to be filtered before resolving starts. For example, if the formatter has parsed a year, month, day-of-month and day-of-year, then there are two approaches to resolve a date: (year + month + day-of-month) and (year + day-of-year). The resolver fields allows one of the two approaches to be selected. If no resolver fields are set then both approaches must result in the same date.

Resolving separate fields to form a complete date and time is a complex process with behaviour distributed across a number of classes. It follows these steps:

The chronology is determined. The chronology of the result is either the chronology that was parsed, or if no chronology was parsed, it is the chronology set on this class, or if that is null, it is {@code IsoChronology}.
The {@code ChronoField} date fields are resolved.This is achieved using {@link Chronology#resolveDate(Map,ResolverStyle)}. Documentation about field resolution is located in the implementation of {@code Chronology}.
The {@code ChronoField} time fields are resolved.This is documented on {@link ChronoField} and is the same for all chronologies.
Any fields that are not {@code ChronoField} are processed.This is achieved using {@link TemporalField#resolve(Map,TemporalAccessor,ResolverStyle)}. Documentation about field resolution is located in the implementation of {@code TemporalField}.
The {@code ChronoField} date and time fields are re-resolved.This allows fields in step four to produce {@code ChronoField} valuesand have them be processed into dates and times.
A {@code LocalTime} is formed if there is at least an hour-of-day available.This involves providing default values for minute, second and fraction of second.
Any remaining unresolved fields are cross-checked against any date and/or time that was resolved. Thus, an earlier stage would resolve (year + month + day-of-month) to a date, and this stage would check that day-of-week was valid for the date.
If an {@linkplain #parsedExcessDays() excess number of days}was parsed then it is added to the date if a date is available.

@implSpec This class is immutable and thread-safe. @since 1.8

  }




  @Override
  public TemporalAccessor parse(String text, Locale locale) throws ParseException {
    DateTimeFormatter formatterToUse = DateTimeContextHolder.getFormatter(this.formatter, locale);
    if (LocalDate.class.equals(this.temporalAccessorType)) {
      return LocalDate.parse(text, formatterToUse);
    }
    else if (LocalTime.class.equals(this.temporalAccessorType)) {
      return LocalTime.parse(text, formatterToUse);

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   * @param fallbackFormatter the fall-back formatter to use when no specific
   * factory properties have been set (can be {@code null}).
   * @return a new date time formatter
   */
  public DateTimeFormatter createDateTimeFormatter(DateTimeFormatter fallbackFormatter) {
    DateTimeFormatter dateTimeFormatter = null;
    if (StringUtils.hasLength(this.pattern)) {
      dateTimeFormatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern(this.pattern);
    }
    else if (this.iso != null && this.iso != ISO.NONE) {
      switch (this.iso) {
        case DATE:
          dateTimeFormatter = DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE;
          break;
        case TIME:
          dateTimeFormatter = DateTimeFormatter.ISO_TIME;
          break;
        case DATE_TIME:
          dateTimeFormatter = DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE_TIME;
          break;
        case NONE:
          /* no-op */
          break;
        default:
          throw new IllegalStateException("Unsupported ISO format: " + this.iso);
      }
    }
    else if (this.dateStyle != null && this.timeStyle != null) {
      dateTimeFormatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofLocalizedDateTime(this.dateStyle, this.timeStyle);
    }
    else if (this.dateStyle != null) {
      dateTimeFormatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofLocalizedDate(this.dateStyle);
    }
    else if (this.timeStyle != null) {
      dateTimeFormatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofLocalizedTime(this.timeStyle);
    }


    if (dateTimeFormatter != null && this.timeZone != null) {
      dateTimeFormatter = dateTimeFormatter.withZone(this.timeZone.toZoneId());
    }
    return (dateTimeFormatter != null ? dateTimeFormatter : fallbackFormatter);
  }

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   * (generally user independent)
   * @param locale the current user locale (may be {@code null} if not known)
   * @return the user-specific DateTimeFormatter
   */
  public static DateTimeFormatter getFormatter(DateTimeFormatter formatter, Locale locale) {
    DateTimeFormatter formatterToUse = (locale != null ? formatter.withLocale(locale) : formatter);
    DateTimeContext context = getDateTimeContext();
    return (context != null ? context.getFormatter(formatterToUse) : formatterToUse);
  }

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    return FIELD_TYPES;
  }


  @Override
  public Printer<?> getPrinter(DateTimeFormat annotation, Class<?> fieldType) {
    DateTimeFormatter formatter = getFormatter(annotation, fieldType);
    return new TemporalAccessorPrinter(formatter);
  }

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  }


  @Override
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  public Parser<?> getParser(DateTimeFormat annotation, Class<?> fieldType) {
    DateTimeFormatter formatter = getFormatter(annotation, fieldType);
    return new TemporalAccessorParser((Class<? extends TemporalAccessor>) fieldType, formatter);
  }

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  @Override
  public void registerFormatters(FormatterRegistry registry) {
    DateTimeConverters.registerConverters(registry);


    DateTimeFormatter dateFormatter = getFormatter(Type.DATE);
    DateTimeFormatter timeFormatter = getFormatter(Type.TIME);
    DateTimeFormatter dateTimeFormatter = getFormatter(Type.DATE_TIME);


    registry.addFormatterForFieldType(LocalDate.class,
        new TemporalAccessorPrinter(dateFormatter),
        new TemporalAccessorParser(LocalDate.class, dateFormatter));

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    registry.addFormatterForFieldAnnotation(new Jsr310DateTimeFormatAnnotationFormatterFactory());
  }


  private DateTimeFormatter getFormatter(Type type) {
    DateTimeFormatter formatter = this.formatters.get(type);
    if (formatter != null) {
      return formatter;
    }
    DateTimeFormatter fallbackFormatter = getFallbackFormatter(type);
    return this.factories.get(type).createDateTimeFormatter(fallbackFormatter);
  }

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  }


  @Test
  public void createDateTimeFormatterWithPattern() throws Exception {
    factory = new DateTimeFormatterFactory("yyyyMMddHHmmss");
    DateTimeFormatter formatter = factory.createDateTimeFormatter();
    assertThat(formatter.format(dateTime), is("20091021121000"));
  }

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    assertThat(formatter.format(dateTime), is("20091021121000"));
  }


  @Test
  public void createDateTimeFormatterWithNullFallback() throws Exception {
    DateTimeFormatter formatter = factory.createDateTimeFormatter(null);
    assertThat(formatter, is(nullValue()));
  }

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    assertThat(formatter, is(nullValue()));
  }


  @Test
  public void createDateTimeFormatterWithFallback() throws Exception {
    DateTimeFormatter fallback = DateTimeFormatter.ofLocalizedDateTime(FormatStyle.LONG);
    DateTimeFormatter formatter = factory.createDateTimeFormatter(fallback);
    assertThat(formatter, is(sameInstance(fallback)));
  }

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